tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4571501655066438332024-03-10T15:10:11.614+06:00ACADEMIC LAW RESEARCHAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.comBlogger63125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-64996567953337912412013-01-28T00:55:00.002+06:002014-05-03T18:13:06.396+06:00Can Bangladeshi Existing Civil Justice System Ensure Access to Justice?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Our
legal system theoretically ensure access to justice for each and every citizen
of the county but in practice the door of justice is not open for disadvantaged
segment of the society. Though national and international law impose obligation
to the state to establish a legal system accessible to each and every member of
society but in reality fulfillment of this obligation is yet to be a far
reaching goal<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
our adversarial legal system, poverty, inordinate delay high cost of
litigation, lack of legal aid mechanism and unavailability of alternative of
formal Justice delivery system are considered the roadblocks in the way of
access to justice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Problem
in our Civil Justice System</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Our judicial and legal system has been historically
nourished in the rich tradition of common law, and it can boast a long record
of good delivery of justice. Like any other legal system, common law with its
adversarial or accusatorial features, has its merits and demerits. But in
recent years certain objective and subjective factors have so combined as to
lead our judiciary to a situation where its demerits are overpowering the
merits. Manifesting is crippling backlogs and delays. Delayed justice reduces even
the winner of the litigation, for its costs in terms of time, money, every and
human emotions are too high<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
reasons for delays in the functioning of our civil justice system are both
systemic and subjective. They may be identified as follows:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Common law oriented adversarial or
accusatorial character of the civil process<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>against inquisitorial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>practiced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>continental<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Europe, meaning
that the litigation is a party controlled which provides wide maneuvering
power to the lawyers and presupposes lesser initiative and relative
passivity of the judges.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Slow process of service of summons,
which can be further slowed down by the intentions of the parties
concerned indicating poor state of court administration.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Too much reliance on the resort to
interim injunctive relief and orders, leaning the hearing of the 'main
contentions and<a name='more'></a> issue to 'infinity'.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Frequent adjournments of the trial
caused by the insistence of the lawyers, and reluctance of the judges to
limit these adjournments, such reluctance being explained partly by heave
case-load and partly be their unpreparedness to continue and complete the
process.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Vested interest of the lawyers for
lengthening and delaying the process, for they are often paid by their
appearances in the court.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Commonly made interlocutory orders
and appeals which fracture the case into many parts and effectively stay
the trail.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Scope for frequent amendments of
the plaints and written statements at any stage of trial.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reluctance of the judges,
accentuated by their statutory non-compulsion, to use pre-existing rules
and orders to expediter the trial, or to sanction the parties for failing
to follow the procedural requirements, meaning that the judges do not take
initiative to employ procedural power of their rule making power to
achieve procedural effectiveness.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Absence of lawyer-client
accountability giving the lawyer monopoly power to conduct the case the
way he considers best suited to his own interest.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Little scope for client-client
interaction, which hides potential for alternative,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dispute<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>resolution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>intensifies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>confliction<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of proceedings.</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Shah Alam, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution by Early Judicial
Intervention: A Possible Way out of Delay and Backlog in Our Judiciary’, Shah
Alam, ed, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manual For Clinical Education,</i>
(Chittagong: Homeland Press and Publication, 2001), p.26.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p.27</div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-29157250702736418912013-01-28T00:51:00.002+06:002013-01-28T00:51:09.841+06:00How ADR Can Take Role to Access to Justice?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Use
of formal court system requires resources unavailable to sector of the
population formal court system are biased against women minorities or other
groups illiteracy prevents part of the population from using formal court
system. Distance from the courts impairs effective use for rural population.
<a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> can be effective successful in some cases where ordinary court of law
cannot even take a decision. There are below: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pacific Settlement</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Any dispute settled by any for of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
ends dispute harmony. Both the parties remain happy in such resolution. There exists
a 'win-win' situation in <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>, which is opposed to 'win-loss' situation in
ordinary litigation. Again there is a possibility that an access on being
proved guilty may attempt to commit further crises in order to traumatize the
victim thus a vicious cycle is created. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> relieves such tension and thereby
reduces conflict in a society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reducing the Formality
of the Legal Process</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
studies indicate that the formality of Court systems intimidates and
discourages use in Bangladesh. The court requirement of legal representation is
both costly and intimidating for people who may not be comfortable interacting
with lawyers form a different class <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> can play vital role to overcome this
problem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Counteracting
Discrimination and Bias in the System</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When courts are systematically biased against
particular group, such as minorities or women ADR program can sometimes help
provide some measure of justice. In Bangladesh the courts often poorly protect
women. Some NGOs sponsored <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> program take special initiative in this regard
as the MLAA mediation program has procreative women to serve on mediation
panels in the village mediation program. Women who have used the system believe
that they receive better protection and more compensation from this system than
from the formal court system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Speedy Disposal of Disputes</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> saves time of the parties to the
dispute. Since <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> follows informal procedure the parties to the dispute can
get their remedy earlier. In a curt of law the court has to follow many
formalities has to hear every concerned party. Witnesses and verify necessary
documents. Thus a case may run for more than 50 years. In <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> not too many
formalities are to be followed so in a sitting, by using <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> it is not
impossible to more than one case.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Over
Coming the Berried of Illiteracy</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
Bangladesh access to justice is effective by denied because the formal system
requires a level of literacy that many in the county do not have and the formal
legal processes are especially intimidating for large numbers of illiterate
citizens. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> programs' can be designed to rely on oral representations. Oral
agreements may be enforced by traditional means of community poor pressure
eliminating the need for written documentation or formal enforcement
mechanisms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cheap
Process</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moving ordinary court of law costs huge amount of
money initially. The court fee is to be paid to start a suit, and then there is
fee of the lawyer to defend the case, then to collect the certified copies of
the judgment or order or decree. The parties to the suit have to court enough
money since <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> follows informal procedure. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> saves money and thus help
people of varying strata of the society to get remedy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Access
to Justice</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Constitutions
of most of the countries provide for the peoples right to Justice. This is also
evident in the international and regional instruments of human rights. But in
effect this may not always be the case. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> significantly created access to
Justice for such disadvantaged group who would not get justice in ordinary
court of law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Assistance
or Ordinary Legal System</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">All
over the world the ordinary courts of law are facing terrible problems due to
unlimited number of cases. This is simply immaterial whether the court is of
developing or poor or developed countries. Day be day the states are trying to
provide their citizens different rights and thus invite people to move to the
court even for trifle offences since <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> is an alternative step to help the
ordinary courts of law to dissolve disputes. It supports and complements court
reform.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Effective
Remedy</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sometimes <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> can award effective remedy in
comparison with the remedy provides by the ordinary law of the land. We have
inherited our legal system from our British rulers and in most cases thee laws
may not be effective. Hence <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> operates as an alternative and efficacious
remedy for the aggrieved.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Privacy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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free and democratic society requires respect for the autonomy of individuals
and limits on the power of both state and private organizations to intrude on
that autonomy ....... Privacy is a key value which under pins human dignity and
other key values such as freedom of Associations and freedom of speech
........privacy is a basic human right and the reasonable expectation of every
person.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-29405467438844747512013-01-28T00:42:00.001+06:002013-01-28T00:42:43.003+06:00Role of different NGO’S of Rajshahi in dealing with ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NGO means Non-Governmental organization. The
development of a country depends upon the activities of a state government. But
in the mediation development is not possible only by the activities of the
Govt. The Non-government organization is doing a lot of amazing activities for
development of a static<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NGO plays role in the legal sectors a for awareness
of the citizens a development of the peoples status. In Bangladesh, the most
concerning NGOs are MLAA (Madaripur legal Aid Association), BLAST (Bangladesh
legal Aid a service Trust) BNALA (Bangladesh national woman Lawyer’s
Association) etc. In this research the containing issue of ADR Activities in
Rajshahi: comparative study, the researcher will concern in role of NGO,
prominent in their ADR activities in Rajshahi. Among them-BLAST, BNWLA, are
very much active in ADR activities in Rajshahi. Now, the Researcher will forms
role of the Blast & BNWLA in Rajshahi.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BLAST</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BLAST, the
Bangladesh legal Aid services Trust (BLAST) is a NGO, has been registered in
1993 as a NGO which provides the legal assistance to poor people in the aspect
of fundamental rights or other statutory rights through the Judicial Systems as
well as quasi-judicial or alternative way. It aims to ensure opportunities for
securing justice backward reaction. BLAST involves in PIL, rural mediation
legislative advocate and for protecting women workers economic rights. It also
gives legal aid clinics as part of its legal literary & legal aid service.
The main activities have done by BLAST through legal aid by the process of ADR
activities or by alternative dispute resolution method. From the case studies
or piratical method there is a clear knowledge about the ADR activities of NGOs
in Rajshahi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ADR activities of BLAST in Rajshahi are done on two
categories of beneficiaries. For people from the middle class a above BLAST
conducts arbitration for settling disputes and for those coming from a less
fortunate economic background mediation services are made available. BLAST
prods to assists in the sentiment of the confect. It settled through
arbitration methods where the demand of the parties being quite specific, where
the people in a dispute issue has lack of legal knowledge and demand is unclear
them mediation services are highly effective.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disposed suits in the
month of December, 2011 through the Bangladesh Legal Aid Services and Trust
Rajshahi Unit<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S.N.</span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reg. & Date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plaintiff</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Defendant</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nature of Allegation</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salish No. (with date) Number of
sittings & Date of Salish</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Type of Settlement</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Settlement Date</span></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Output of Salish & Amount of
recovery money</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">31/263/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.05.2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Firoza Begum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Rafiqul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family matters</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">175/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">31.05.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.06.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">07.07.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25.07.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.08.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">08.09.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">02.10.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">01.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dower & Maintenance</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">01.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Execution of divorce,</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amonut of dower money &
maintenance<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TK.15000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">68/560/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Morzina</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Abu Bakar Siddque</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dowry</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">374/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">01.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">01.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Continuation of marital relation</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">73/565/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">26.10.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Sahana</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Imran Hossain</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Criminal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">377/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">04.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Others</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">04.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother shall be the cusdian of
her 13 years daughter</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">41/615/20111</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Salma</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Sohel Rana</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dowry</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">404/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mutual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Parties shall continue their
marital relation with children</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintenance money TK. 100 per day</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">52/526/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">29.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Mina Begum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Abdus Sattar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Criminal</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">414/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Others</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintaining their good relation</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">33/607/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Sikha Yasmin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Zahangir Hossain</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dowry</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">398/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">04.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">19.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maintaining their marital
relation & payment of maintenance duly</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">08/638/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">05.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Kohinur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Nobirul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family matters</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">421/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">21.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wife will oblige her husband</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">02/576/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">02.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Somanta Ban</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Sukur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family matters</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">382/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">22.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Full status of wife & payment
of due maintenance TK.1500</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">25/599/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Sadina</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Md. Parveza Shekh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dowry</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">392/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28/.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">14.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">27.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mutual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">27.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Husband shall not torture his
wife</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 63.0pt;" valign="top" width="84"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">17/591/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.11.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mst. Delowara</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Abdul Mannan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dowry</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">388/2011</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">30.11.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">15.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28.12.11</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divorce & payment of dower
and maintenance</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28.12.11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Through office</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .75in;" valign="top" width="72"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Break-up their relation &
payment of dower and maintenance cost TK. 35000.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BNWLA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BNWLA is a one
of the renounce NGO in Bangladesh. The elaboration “BNWLA” is Bangladesh
National woman Lawyer’s Association. It is NGO which has established in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In Briefly, BNWLA has three categories program
approach. These are PPR. That merges. </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<sup>st</sup> P = Protection </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<sup>nd</sup> P = Prevention </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<sup>rd</sup>ly P = Rehabilitation </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ADR Activities are inhered with the 2<sup>nd</sup>
“P” that means with in the preventive activities by the BNWLA Among the
different Criteria to deal preventive activities there are some activities,
such as-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conduct awareness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(ii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assist community by partners to get
access to informal and formal Justice System.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(iii)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensitize people through mass media. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In the aspect of (iii) The BNWLA assist community to
get access of informal Justice System through ADR Activities. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BNWLA believes to ensure Justice; the survivors
should be brought under a system friendly to women and children. In the year
2007, BNWLA has received 6676 Cognizable offense through shalish. Mediation or
Alternative Dispute resolution (ADR) and accordingly a total of 484 complaints
were resolved through mediation. But when they failed to resolve the complaint
through mediation then the lawyers filed the case. The approach is to give
priority to mediation and once it failed then the case is being filed. The
Graph II shows distribution of cases by mature of violence. During the
reporting period the organization has filed a total of 614 cases where 120 cases
were filed directly by the partner organization with the help of the clinic
lawyers. Out of these cases 329 were criminal in nature while 285 were civil in
nature. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BNWLA, has bun playing the role of catalyst through
capacity building by providing training on “Shalish”, “Mediation”, “Fact
finding” a “Paralegal”. </span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
This report<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has collected from the
office of BLAST, Rajshahi Unit</div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, p.164</span></div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-1235817377888410162013-01-28T00:26:00.002+06:002013-01-28T00:26:37.405+06:00Non-formal Activities of ADR in Rajshahi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When we observe the activities of ADR in Rajshahi
District in case of non formal activities of ADR we can see that village Court
and many NGOs have great contribution to solve the civil and family matters through
ADR process. Different N.G.Os include ASHOK, BLAST and other non-government
organization play vital role in case non formal ADR in Rajshahi District.</span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Traditional
Salish</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N.G.Os has attempted to remodel the traditional salish
by adopting a more innovative and moderate approach to dispute resolution is an
effort to alleviate the common problems associated with the traditional system.
N.G.Os preferred the mediation approach to resolve the dispute whereby
alternative forms of dispute resolution constitute a significant aspect of
N.G.Os at providing substantial substitute for the formal legal system. The
N.G.Os supervised traditional salish system is thus aimed at removing the
difficulties commonly associated with Traditional Salish. It is more temperate
and relaxed in its approach then the traditional salish which tends to be
exacting dealing with the traditional community leader.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However one of the principle thrusts of ADR by
N.G.Os has done by traditional salish.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-90316674823089701652013-01-28T00:16:00.006+06:002013-01-28T00:16:49.740+06:00Judicial activities of ADR in Rajshahi District<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are many courts in Rajshahi but all are not
same as to their nature, scope and activities. They are distinguished
particularly on the basis of their nature of activities and territorial
jurisdiction. It is to be noted that, special courts are made for the purpose
of disposal of suits which are special in nature and bear a special
significance. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And by this way, some
courts are empowered to adopt the mechanism of Alternative Dispute Resolution.
The Courts namely District Judge, Joint District Judge, Chief Judicial
Magistrate, Senior Judicial Magistrate and Assistant Judges Court have disposed
the following suits through <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> mechanism in the following year: (2006-2010)<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judicial
activities of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> in Rajshahi Court in 2006<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Name of the Suit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Act or Section </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partition </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal Law</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>04</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cancellation of Deed</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>07</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declaration </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 42</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>28</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enforcement of Contract</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 27</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>02</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permanent Injunction </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 54</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>04</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>45</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judicial
activities of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> in Rajshahi Court in 2007</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 638px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Name of the Suit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Act or Section</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of disposal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partition </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal Law</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>06</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cancellation of Deed </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 39</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>04</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declaration </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 42</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permanent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Injunction </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 54</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>05</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Money recovery </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arthorin Adalat Ain, 2003</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>01</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dower & Maintenance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family Court Ordinance, 1985</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>06</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>42</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judicial
activities of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> in Rajshahi Court in 2008</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 638px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Name of the Suit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Act or Section</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of disposal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partition </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal Law</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cancellation of Deed </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 39</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>05</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declaration </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 42</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>22</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permanent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Injunction </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 54</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>07</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enforcement of Contract</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 27</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>02</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-emption </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Land Law</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>05</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>54</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judicial
activities of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR </a>in Rajshahi Court in 2009</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Name of the Suit</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Act or Section</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Number of disposal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partition </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Personal Law</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>04</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cancellation of Deed </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 39</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>02</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declaration </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 42</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>07</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Permanent<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Injunction </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S. R. Act u/s 54</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>03</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dower & Maintenance</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family Court Ordinance, 1985</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>16</span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>32</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Judicial
activities of ADR in Rajshahi Court in 2010</span></b></div>
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<tbody>
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<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Name
of Suit</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under
Act or Section</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Number
of disposal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Declaration</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S.
R. Act u/s 42</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>01</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dower
& maintenance</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Family
Court Ordinance, 1985</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>09</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10</span></div>
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</tr>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">All data have collected
from the seresta of District Judge’s or Session Judge’s.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-1376638164810084972013-01-28T00:11:00.002+06:002013-01-28T00:11:42.303+06:00ADR Practice in Rajshahi through Judicial Process<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Alternative
dispute resolution practice in Rajshahi through judiciary is trying to do
better in the field of civil and family matters. In Rajshahi District Court
including in the Court of District Judge, Chief Judicial Magistrate, Joint<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>District Judge and Assistant Judge Court of
Rajshahi play vital role in case of ADR through the judicial process.</div>
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<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ADR Sponsored by Court in
Rajshahi District</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
On September 18, 2010 Bangladesh Law
Commission in collaboration with the South Asian Institute of Advanced Legal
and Human Rights Studies (SAILS) arranged a day long seminar in Rajshahi on
'Enforcing Court Sponsored ADR in Bangladesh'. The seminar was presided over by
Mr. Justice Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Chairman of Bangladesh Law Commission. Mr.
Justice Muzammel Hossain, judge of the Appellate Division was the Chief Guest;
Mr. Justice SK Sinha, judge of the Appellate Division and Dr. Kamal Hossain,
Chairperson of SAILS graced the seminar as Guest of Honor. Professor Dr. M.
Shah Alam and Mr. Sunil Chandra Paul both members of the Law Commission
attended as key note speaker in different sessions. Judicial officers of the
Rajshahi District court, members of the Rajshahi District Bar Association and
Law teachers of the Rajshahi University participated in the seminar. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
At the very beginning Dr. Shah Alam portrayed
the seminar as an inquest to meet challenges of implementation of the court
sponsored ADR in Bangladesh. He solicited recommendations from all quarters to
make the ADR a success. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Mr. Sunil Chandra Paul in his speech
identified dearth of awareness and unwillingness of the lawyers as root cause
for failure of ADR. He proposed establishment of separate ADR courts under
supervision of joint district judges and insisted upon activation of village
courts and imposition of compensatory cost for false and frivolous litigations.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
District judge of Rajshahi suggested
amendment of section 89A of the CPC and enactment of new Rules to implement
ADR. To check baseless cases other judges of the civil courts emphasized on
maintainability hearing at the initial stage of the litigation. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
CMM and CJM of Rajshahi recommended
increasing the opportunity of ADR in criminal cases by widening the scope of
section 345 of the CrPC. On the contrary Mr. Muzammel Hossain, J and Mr. SK
Sinha, J expressed their concern as widening the ambit of compoundable offences
may have adverse effect on the public peace and tranquility. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Judicial officers of Rajshahi vindicated
their grievance for resource constraint and urge the Appellate Division Judges
to take measures to provide required court rooms, stenographers and conference
room for ADR. Mr. Muzammel Hossain, J assured them of the Government policy for
strengthening judicial capacity by way of infrastructure development and
providing adequate resources. His Lordship also suggested the district
magistrate to setup court room in available unused building. His Lordship also
encouraged round the year mobile court drive to impede drug trafficking and
contamination of foods. Justice Hossain was optimist in stating that, success
of the ADR will widen the scope of the legal profession and there is every
possibility of starting of an ADR based legal profession.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
President and Secretary of the Rajshahi
District Bar Association agreed with the suggestions forwarded by the key note
speakers and expressed their commitment for implementation of ADR. They
proposed combined training of the judicial officers and lawyers by the Judicial
Administration Training Institute or by the Bangladesh Bar Council to ease
implementation of ADR. As the members of the Bar expressed their concern as to
the High Court Division's foggy directions in anticipatory bail petitions, Mr.
Muzammel Hossain, J assured them that the recent decision of the Appellate
Division will eliminate the misty as the High Court Division's jurisdiction
will be limited in 'Yes' or 'No' in entertaining anticipatory bail petition.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
As the President of the Rajshahi Bar
emphasized on decentralization of the High Court Division benches to reduce
backlog of cases Mr. Muzammel Hossain, J corroborated him without any
assurance. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dean of Law of University of Rajshahi
expressed his commitment to insert in the academic syllabus the issues of civil
and criminal ADR, probation of offenders and plea bargaining in criminal cases.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Professor Dr. M. Shah Alam informed the
audience about the Bangladesh Law Commission's policy for ADR. Major policy
decisions are- i. to amend CPC ii. to amend CrPC iii. petty disputes to be
resolved at grassroots iv. establishment of ADR training institute and
allocation of fund v. court procedures and records should be made computerized
vi. leadership of the Supreme Court for implementation of ADR policy vii.
national policy for the judiciary and viii. awareness building.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In his speech Mr. SK Sinha, J considered ADR
a useful mechanism to reduce delay in dispensation of justice. His Lordship
shared his experience of ADR in Korea and Australia and enlightened the
audience with the success rate of ADR in different countries of the world. His
Lordship expressed dissatisfaction as to the non utilization of court hours, as
his experience of court inspection in different jurisdiction revealed that many
judicial officers remain unengaged in the second half of the day. Justice Sinha
criticized unnecessary adjournments and too many holiday vacations, and shared
the proposal of the Supreme Court to reduce the off days. To ease delay by
facilitating ADR, his lordship proposed amongst others: i. change in mindset of
lawyers and judicial officers; ii. nationwide awareness campaign among stake
holders; iii. training in ADR should be available to the law graduate; iv.
lawyers succeeded in settling a dispute by way of ADR may be paid by the
Government and v. petty cases should be finalized in district courts. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dr. Kamal Hossain in his speech urged the
combined effort of the Bar and Bench to make the ADR a success. He warned that
public confidence on the administration of justice is seriously shaken due to
prolonged delay in getting justice in which both the Bar and Bench cannot avoid
their responsibility. This legal luminary acknowledged the need for
decentralization of the High Court Division and proposed circuit bench of the
HCD to be held in different parts of the country to mitigate the miseries of
the justice seekers. He solicited the Bar and Bench to maintain ethics and
dignity of profession and to regain public confidence.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
In his vote of thanks the secretary of the
law commission expressed his gratitude to all participants, to the volunteers
and specially thanked Abu Md. Amimul Ehsan CJM and Md. Alamgir JM but for whose
efforts the arrangement would not have been possible. </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-78050675028149676462013-01-04T16:40:00.001+06:002013-01-04T16:44:03.818+06:00What is the modes of dispute resolution?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Generally,
you can initiate dispute resolution in two ways<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>:</span></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">By peaceful means</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">By use of force.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
first implies using alternative ways such as dialogue, negotiation or third
party intervention instead of using force or aggressive measures to resolve a
dispute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
second implies that a powerful third party uses force, not necessarily physical
force, but aggressive persuasion to create social or structural pressure and
influence on the parties to resolve existing disputes. The third party might
have some interest, but not on the dispute itself. The third party works as a
pressure factor and may or may not be neutral. However, it is not uncommon for
disputes resolved this way to reemerge in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Traditional
dispute resolution mechanisms</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
general, Traditional Dispute Resolution Mechanism implies the existing process
of resolving dispute in our society. There are two diverse processes of dispute
resolution.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Community initiative</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Legal procedures</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Community
initiative</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
community sometimes takes a leading role in resolving local disputes. In
Bangladesh, these are popularly known as Shalish and Mimangsha. These are
usually undertaken through mediation, negotiation, and reconciliation. In the
Shalish or Mimangsha the community leaders delve deep into the root cause/s in
the presence of both parties, hear viewpoints of disputants, and try to find a
solution agreeable to the parties concerned. Resolving disputes through
community initiatives with the above tools are commonly known as Alternative
Dispute Resolution<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Advantages
of community initiative</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is easier to resolve the dispute since the nature of the dispute is well
known and understood by all parties involved.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Meeting all-round social obligations. </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Problems
of community initiative</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Not a very systematic procedure</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Can be biased</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Not legally binding, but driven by social obligation.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sometimes problems arise due to community’s indifference</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sometimes leaders make decision by use of power and influence</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Legal
procedure</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Legal
procedures are a process of dispute resolution that takes place in the courts
of law. Basically, people go to the legal authority to obtain a favorable
verdict but also to have a feeling of victory over the other, which may in the
minds of the victors exceed the actual gains made out of the resolution of the
problem or dispute. It is a win-lose game<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
This process often holds disputes, and leaves permanent scars on the mind of
the losing party rather than resolving the problem, and it may end in making
the disputes endemic and long lasting. When the losing party gets a chance,
they look for revenge.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Difficulties
encountered in legal procedure</span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Very time consuming</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Requires a lot of money and energy</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Loss of property</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Complex procedure</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Win-lose situation</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sometimes stimulates further conflict</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No reconciliation process</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Chances of deception</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dependency on lawyers</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lack of knowledge in legal procedure</span></li>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Study
Circle Discussion Guide on Alternative Dispute Resolution, Material
Development, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Study
Circle Program,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>NDI,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>August, 2003; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Dhaka, p.5</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P.6</span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P.7</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-7026249211368605242013-01-04T16:33:00.002+06:002013-01-04T16:33:19.170+06:00Development & Popularity of ADR in Bangladesh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Civil Procedure Code (Amendment) Act, 2002
has been enacted to introduce Alternative Dispute Resolution (<a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>) system for
early and consensual disposal of civil suits. Section 89A and 89B have been
inserted to allow parties to settle their disputes in suits, through mediation
or arbitration. In the mediation procedure, the court may take initiative to
settle the dispute in the suit by itself or by making reference to independent
mediators<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Under section 89B parties will be allowed to withdraw pending suits and have
those settled through arbitration. The provisions have been made effective from
1st July 2003. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Ministry of Law has undertaken different
measures to motivate and sensitize judges, lawyers and the litigant public
about the merits and advantages of the <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>. Workshops, seminars, training
programs have been organized for judges, lawyers and court support staff in the
divisional headquarters and selective districts. A widely acclaimed documentary
film titled "Settlement of Disputes through Mediation" has been made
and shown to the participants and the stakeholders all over the country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> system is gaining popularity. This procedure
will help to reduce the huge backlogs of civil cases in courts. Public
confidence in the judiciary will thereby increase. Access to justice will be
expanded<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
The provisions will also help develop a new culture of consensual settlement of
disputes doing away with the existing adversarial procedure. It will help
protect and preserve cohesion and fraternity in society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> has been both; increasingly used alongside, and
integrated formally, into legal systems internationally in order to capitalize
on the typical advantages of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> over litigation: </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Suitability for
multi-party disputes;</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Flexibility of
procedure - the process is determined and controlled by the parties the
dispute;</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Less complexity
("less is more");</span></li>
</ul>
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<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Parties choice
of neutral third party (and therefore expertise in area of dispute) to direct
negotiations/adjudicate;</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Likelihood
and speed of settlements;</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Practical
solutions tailored to parties’ interests and needs (not rights and wants, as
they may perceive them);</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Durability of
agreements;</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Confidentiality;
and,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
preservation of relationships.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, P.76</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hoque,
Kazi Ebadul Houqe, Administration of Justice in Bangladesh, Asiatic Socity of
Bangladesh, Dhaka (2003), P.102</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-2249902741172387502013-01-04T16:29:00.002+06:002013-01-04T16:29:50.887+06:00Existing Practices of ADR in Bangladesh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 200%;">Society’s
world-over has long used non-judicial, indigenous methods to resolve disputes.
In Bangladesh, dispute resolution outside of courts is not new. What is new is
the extensive promotion and proliferation of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> models and its increased uses<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
the traditional system, disputes are resolved within the village. However
depending on the intensity of the dispute or gravity of the situation,
neighboring villages are also sometimes involved. During the British period, in
1870, the Panchayat system was introduced to manage and rule the area for its
collection of revenue. The Panchayat system was used to resolve minor disputes
within their area, and the major disputes were forwarded for legal procedures.
In 1919, the Bengal Village Self Government Act was introduced and Union Courts
were set up to resolve disputes locally. Later, the government established the
Rin Shalishi Board to keep peasants free from the Mahazons and the moneylenders
and also to avoid clashes. Later, the Family Court Ordinance of 1961 and the
Village Court Act of 1976 were introduced and authority was vested on the
Chairman of Union Parishad to try petty local cases and small crimes committed
in their area and take consensual decisions. These were later strengthened in
1985 with additional power to cover women and children’s rights. The village
court consists of UP chairman, members and representatives from concerned
parties. Under the Village Court Act of 1976, the village court can try
disputes over property valued not exceeding Tk. 5,000. The village court has
also power to summon a person to stand as a witness and can impose a fine of up
to Tk. 500 on contempt charges. The village court provides easy access to the
local people without any obstacle and allows them to defend their position
without any outside assistance or lawyer. It is also less cumbersome and less
expensive. However, this system has some disadvantages, such as the court
decisions are sometimes biased and the members of the court may or may not have
adequate knowledge and experience to conduct trial procedure.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
present Union Parishad is the first tier in the hierarchy of local bodies in
Bangladesh and has a mandate to settle disputes of the local people through
Shalish. The decision of the Shalish is binding to the parties. In the process,
the village elite is also involved. Major cases are not settled locally<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Political
influences are very frequent and often biased in the Shalish. Today, many NGOs
are quite successfully involved in mediation between disputants. Still, many
disputes are not mediated nor are local people acquainted with the <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> system.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Study
Circle Discussion Guide on Alternative Dispute Resolution, Material
Development, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Study
Circle Program,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>NDI,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>August, 2003; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Dhaka, P.7.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P.8.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-87358998598935034082013-01-04T16:25:00.000+06:002013-01-04T16:25:07.207+06:00Existing procedure of ADR in Bangladesh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sum-up of all legal provisions
available in Bangladesh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%;">In
Civil Suits:</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Code of Civil Procedure </span></b></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Mediation u/s
89A</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Arbitration u/s
89B.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> 2. </span>Muslim Family Laws Ordinance,1961</span></b><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Polygamy u/s 6</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span> Divorce u/s 7</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Maintenance u/s
9</span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span> 3. Family Court Ordinance,1985</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Pre-trial
Proceeding u/s 10</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Post-trial
Proceeding u/s 13</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 4. Artha Rin Adalat Ain, 2003</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Settlement
Conference u/s 21</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Mediation u/s
22</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: list .5in left 101.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> 5. Gram Adalat Ain, 2006 [all sections]</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></span></b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b> 6. The Conciliation of Disputes (Municipal) Board Act, 2004 [all sections]</b> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b>7. The Arbitration Act, 2001 [all sections]</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b> 8. The Labor Code, 2006</b></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Negotiation u/s
210(1,2,4)</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Conciliation
u/s 210(6)</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>Arbitration u/s
210(16)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span><span style="font-size: small;">In
Criminal Cases:</span></span></b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. The Criminal
Procedure Code,1898<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Compounding offences u/s 345</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: -0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%;">Brief
discussion of some of the aforesaid Statutes & its provisions</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Code
of Civil Procedure</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is no provision related Alternative Dispute
Resolution directly in Civil Procedure Code by mediation. But in previous we
perceived that Section 89 and sub section 1 of Section 104 in CPC had been for
dispute resolution. After that in year 2000, ADR in civil procedure is the
effect of success of Pilot project 2000 on mediation in Dhaka judge court and
besides some other courts of Bangladesh. In Section 89a and 89b of the Code of
Civil Procedure 1908, mediation and arbitration respectively has been
incorporated through the Amendment, 2003<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of Section 89(a) of CPC,
mediation can be define that mediation mean flexible, informal, non-binding,
confidential, non-adversarial and consensual dispute resolution process in
which the mediator shall facilitate compromise of disputes in the suit between
the parties without directing or directing the term of such compromise.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of 89 after filling of plaint by
the plaintiff and written statement by defendant, the court may take an
initiative to settle the dispute by Mediation. If the contesting parties agree
to settle the dispute through mediation, the court shall so mediate or refer to
District Judge for settle the penal. The mediator will be selected from the
District Judge itself, any retired judge, a lawyer nominated by the parties who
is not involve with either parties, except person holding office of profit in
the service of Republic. When the court shall mediate, it shall determine the
procedure of the mediation and conducted by court and the pleader, their respective
client and the mediator will mutually determine the fees and the procedure. If
the mediation process is filed, the court shall precede the suit for hearing
from the stage at where the suit stood before refer to mediation. And if the
mediation by the court and it fails, the same court shall not hear and the suit
shall be heard by another court of competent jurisdiction. If the mediation is
successfully over, the term of such compromise shall be reduced into writing in
the form of agreement and taken signatures or thumbs impressions of the parties
as executants and pleaders and mediator as witness. Finally, the court will
pass an order or decree to the reliant provision of Order 23 that code.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The mediation shall be conducted within 60 days from
the day on which the court is so informed. But the time of execution for
further period shall not exceed 30 days. After a successful mediation the
parties will get return court fees. No appeal shall lie against the order or
decree passed the court of mediation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Section 89 (b) has extended the opportunity to
settle the dispute alternative way through arbitration. Under this section, any
stage of the proceeding parties can make an application to solve the dispute
through the arbitration and withdraw the suit to the court. The court shall
allow the applicant and permit to withdraw the suit. This arbitration shall
comply with the Shalish Ain, 2001. If any reason the arbitration dose not take
place or fail to give award, the parties shall be entitle to re-institute the suit.
That application shall be deemed to be arbitration under Section 9 of the
Shalish Ain, 2001.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As if mediation has accomplished on
the application of contesting parties, the court passed a order and the
contesting parties must be submissive on that order. But the court cannot
create any kinds of pressure for the mediation, which has been described on the
section 89 of CPC. The contesting parties can be settle their dispute wholly or
partly by mediation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Former Justice of Bangladesh High Court and First
Director of Judicial Administration Training Centre Justice Md. Baruzzaman
would be answering that, “under the present provision of law it is not
mandatory for the Judge himself to mediate or refer the dispute for mediation,
but in doing so the Judge must exercise his discretion by taking into
consideration the intention of the legislature and the cause of just, speedy
and inexpensive justice<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As per the provision of the
Sub-section (4) of section 89 a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Within
10 days from the date of submission of written statement, the parties shall
inform the court in writing as to whether they have agreed to try to settle the
dispute or disputes in the suit by mediation and whom they have appointed as
mediator, failing written statement will stand cancelled and the suit shall be
proceeded with for hearing by the court their agreement to try to settle the
dispute or disputes in the suit through mediation and appointment of mediator,
the mediator shall be conclude within 60 days from the date on which the court
is so informed, unless the court of its own motion or upon a joint prayer of
the parties extends the time for a further period of not exceeding 30 days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of sub-section
(12) of the section 89(a) of CPC, no appeal or revision shall lie against any
order or decree passed by the court in pursuance of settlement between the
parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Though trial courts have been
exercised ADR in civil suit according to the provision of Act III of 2003, but
there is no jurisdiction of appellate court. For that, So many cases were
pending for settlement in the Appellate court year to year. At last, Act 8 of
2006 has created an opportunity to settle the cases by using mediation.
Provision of mediation in Appeal is as follows –</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appellate Court may mediate in an
appeal or refer the appeal for us the shining mediation in order to settle the
dispute here are or disputes in that appeal, if the appeal is an appeal from
original decree under Order XLI, and is between the same parties who contested
in the original suit or the parties who have been substituted for the original
contesting parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In mediation under sub-section (1), the appellate
court shall follow the provisions of mediation as contained in section 89a with
necessary change as may expedient as far as possible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Above discussion shows that application of ADR in
our civil court is epoch making decision. Though the ADR, the people of our
country get privilege as far as possible. As well as the judges and appellate
court get relief from the cases which are filed year to year. On that
achievement Justice K. M. Hasan give opinion that, “the greatest achievement of
the mediation court is changing of mental attitudes of the judges, lawyer,
litigants and general public who were skeptical about mediation. Initially,
there were feelings of opposition and suspicion by some in the legal profession
for this entirely different based discipline but it is changing. Those who used
to come the court with confrontation mode are accepting the idea of mediation
and more are coming prepared to settle dispute through mediation. It is
interesting to note that the same lawyer who fight tooth and nail to win a suit
in trail also try hard to find out solution through mediation<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muslim
Family Law Ordinance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Muslim Family Law Ordinance had been effected from
15<sup>th</sup> July, 1961. Such Ordinance has been applied on every Muslim
citizen of Bangladesh both who lives inside in or abroad of Bangladesh. No
distinction between Sia or Sunni in front of the Muslim Family Law Ordinance.
In the leading case named Nirmal Kanti Das v. Sreemati Bavi Rani<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>states that application of Muslim Family Law
Ordinance,1961 has been overridden by section 3 of Family Court Ordinance in
clear language providing that this Ordinance shall have effect not withstanding
any thing contained in any other law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the mentioned provision subsection (a) of Section
2 of the Muslim Family Law Ordinance ‘Arbitration Council’ means a body
consisting of the chairman and a representative of each of the parties to a
matter dealt with in this Ordinance. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The chairman constructs an arbitration to settle any
kind of dispute related with Muslim Family Law Ordinance. He constructs such
council consisting of him and the representative of both the wife and husband.
The chairman asked the representative both of wife and husband within seven
days from the date of complain. Where any contesting party fails to nominate
their representative within the prescribed period, the council shall not stay
for any one. They are continued their works.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The chairman can give time for conciliation of
nominated representative or new nomination of representative, where their
nominated representative is or any kinds of reason he is not start form such
situation where previous nominated representative is rescinded. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where the chairman is not Muslim or he is not
desired to attend arbitration council, he may apply the council for nominated
the other chairman who is Muslim. The council does the same according the
Muslim Family Law Ordinance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The contesting parties may apply to the collector to
stay the hearing of council, where they might be seemed that the chairman
support the opposite party. The collector may be staying the hearing until
investigation on application is not completed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of Section 6 of the Muslim
Family Law Ordinance, no man shall contract another marriage without the
permission of arbitration council during the subsistence of an existing
marriage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">An application for permission from arbitration
council shall submitted to the chairman in the prescribe manner with prescribe
fees. The applicant shall state the reason for proposed marriage even though
the consent of existing wife or wives has been obtained.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">On the reception of application the chairman shall
call the applicant and his existing wife or wives each to nominate a
representative. If the constitute arbitration council satisfied that the
proposed marriage is necessary, just, grant, and fit, may give the permission.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The arbitration council may justify situation of the
husband and physical and mental capacity of his wife. Then they decide whether
he required permission or not. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Any contesting parties may apply for revision
against decision of the arbitration. Any man who contracts another marriage
without the permission of the arbitration council shall pay immediately entire
amount of the dower due to existing wife or wives. If the amount is not paid by
husband, shall be recoverable as arrears of land revenue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the leading named Ayessa Sultana v. Shajahan Ali<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
the court states that marriage of 2<sup>nd</sup> wife without permission of an
arbitration council violate law and punishable. As to the provision of the
Muslim Family Law Ordinance, any man who contacts another marriage without the
permission of the arbitration council shall be punishable with simple imprisonment
which may extent to one year or with fine which may extend to ten thousands
taka or both.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sub-section (5) (a) (b) of section 6 of the
Ordinance refers to the penalties to which a man exposes himself for
contracting another marriage without the permission of the Arbitration Council.
Amount of the dower money shall be recoverable under certificate procedure
under the provision of the Public Demand Recovery Act on application made on
behalf of his wife. A complaint will have to be lodge on behalf his wife, and
the offence is triable by the Magistrate of 1<sup>st</sup> class with a right
of an appeal to Sessions Judge with a further right for moving the high court
in its revisional jurisdiction under Section 439 of Code of Criminal Procedure<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It may be noted in this connection that the words
“without the permission to the Arbitration Council” not only mean when no
application has been made by the husband but also include the case of an
application for permission to contract another marriage but permission has been
refused by the Arbitration Council<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Arbitration Act, 2001</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Peaceful arbitration for settlement of dispute had
been applied from the ancient period. Arbitration had been introduced in
Greece, China, Arabia and Italy in 12<sup>th</sup> century and 13<sup>th</sup>
century. Arbitration took effective impact for settling the international
dispute in the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. After, International
Arbitration had successfully finished almost 100 cases. In those 100 cases, the
United Kingdom and United States of America had participated near about 70
cases. Hague Peace Conference created ordinary impact on International
Arbitration in 1899 and 1907. In Hague Peace conference, it had been described
about rules, procedure and structure of the arbitration and established
Permanent Court of Arbitration. Cordially the arbitration is to be proved as a
part of international law. Eventually, arbitration was pronounced as state law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Concept
of Arbitration</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The arbitration process
begins with an arbitration agreement which is a contract governing the terms
and process of the arbitration itself.<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
Appointment of arbitrator or arbitrator court, condition of arbitration and
procedure, jurisdiction of the tribunal etc are decided on the basis of the
agreement of the contesting parties. Any kinds of dispute can be solved by the
arbitration except the criminal cases. Even the commercial dispute can be
solved. Agreement of the contesting parties shows on which law and principal on
which the arbitrator settles the matter. The contesting parties may apply to
the court to use the principal of Equity, justice and Good Conscience. The
decision of the arbitrator is mandatory. On the above statement Greferry M.
Beresford Hartwell states in ‘Arbitration as The Moral High Ground of The New
Century’ that “ ……..the parties to an arbitration have agreed to some
alternative court, they have agree to some alternative court, they have agreed
not to go to Court at all. They have agreed to abide by the decision of a
friend. That friend may be someone they both know and trust, he or she may be
selected by some process they have devised and adopt, but still their direct or
indirect choice. They may decide to approach the doyen of their profession or
industry they may be happy enough with less exalted. If they have an obscure
problem of law, they may ask a lawyer, of technology perhaps someone who knows
the tricks of the trade. They may seek the decision of a priest or even a king<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of the Arbitration Act, 2001
‘Arbitration’ means any arbitration whether or not administrated by permanent
institution and ‘Arbitration Agreement’ means an agreement by the parties to
submit to arbitration council all or certain dispute which have arisen or which
may arise between them in respect of a define legal relationship, whether
contractual or not. An arbitration agreement may be in the form of an
arbitration clause in a contract or in the form of a separate agreement. Such
agreement shall be in writing and signed by the parties. It is contained in an
exchange statement of claim and defense in which the existence of the agreement
is alleged by one party and not denied by the other party.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Arbitration Tribunal has no power to settle all
kinds dispute. Some particular dispute might be solved by the Council. That
kind of ability of the council is called arbitrability of dispute. Where any
party to an arbitration agreement or any person claiming under him commence any
legal proceeding against any other party to the agreement or any person
claiming under him in respect of any matter agreed to be referred to
arbitration, any party to such legal proceeding may apply to the court before
which the proceeding are pending to refer the matter to arbitration at any time
before filing a written statement. If it is satisfied that an arbitration
agreement exists, the court refer the parties to arbitration and stay the
proceeding unless the find that the arbitration agreement is void.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Composition
of Arbitral Tribunal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The parties are free to determine the number of
arbitrator. The parties should be appointed the arbitrator within thirty
days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Failing to determine the
arbitrators, the tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators. On that point
such kinks of arbitrator can be appointed. If it is satisfied by the parties,
where there is one man tribunal, District Judge or Justice of the Supreme Court
who is nominated by Chief Justice may be appointed as arbitrator. In
arbitration with three arbitrators, each party shall appoint one arbitrator and
two appointed arbitrator shall appoint third arbitrator who shall be the chair
man of the arbitration tribunal. If a party fails to appoint their arbitrator
within prescribe period or the appointed arbitrator fails to nominate the third
arbitrator, District Judge in case of non-commercial dispute or Justice of
Supreme Court designed by Chief Justice in case of commercial dispute are
appointed as the third arbitrator.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Arbitrator’s mandate can be terminated for the
reason as he withdraws himself from office or he dies or all the parties
terminate his mandate or he is unable to perform his function. On the
termination of the arbitrator’s mandate the replacement of the arbitrator shall
be appointed accordance with above proceedings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jurisdiction and Duties of the Tribunal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The arbitral tribunal may rule on its own
jurisdiction on any question as whether there is existence of a valid
arbitration agreement or whether the arbitration tribunal is properly
constituted or whether the arbitration tribunal agreement is against the public
policy or whether agreement is incapable of being performed or what matters
have been submitted to arbitration in accordance with the arbitration of
agreement. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The arbitration tribunal may use mediation,
conciliation or any other procedures at any time during the tribunal proceeding
to encourage the settlement. Where the parties settle the dispute, the
arbitration tribunal shall record the settlement in any form of the arbitral
award on agreed terms. Such arbitral award shall have same status as any other
arbitral award made in respect of the dispute.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The arbitral tribunal shall deal with any of the
dispute submitted to it fairly and impartially on the evidence as quick as
possible and for this purpose each party shall be given reasonable opportunity
to present his case orally or in writing or both, or to examine all the
document and other relevant material file by other party or any other person
concerned before the tribunal. The arbitral tribunal may take evidence by
orally or in writing. Even he may administer on oath. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Unless agreed by the parties, the arbitration
tribunal may appoint expert or legal adviser to report on specific issue to be
determined by the tribunal or appoint assessor tom assist it on technical
matter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Family
Court Ordinance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Family Court has been established in 15<sup>th</sup>
June of 1985 under The Family Court Ordinance. First time mediation was
introduced in family court in Dhaka Judge Court in 2000. After that it extended
in Chittagong from 12<sup>th</sup> February of 2001, in Khulna from 1<sup>st</sup>
September, 2001, in Rajshahi from 7<sup>th</sup> May, 2001. Afterward it
expands all over the court of the country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mediation has been denoted in Family Court
Ordinance, 1985 under Section 10, 11, and 13. And also compromise decree has
been prescribed in Section 18 of the Family Court Ordinance<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of the above Section of the
Family Court Ordinance, when the written statement is filed, the family court
shall fix a date ordinarily of not more than thirty days for pre-trial hearing.
The court shall examine the plaint, the written statement and documents which
filed by the parties and shall hear the parties. At the pre-trial hearing, the
court shall ascertain the point at issue between the parties and attempt to affect
a compromise or reconciliation between the parties, if it is possible for the
court. If no compromise is possible, the court shall frame the issue in the
suit and fix a date for recording evidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A family court may hold the whole or any part of the
proceeding under this Ordinance in camera under Section 11 of the Family Court
Ordinance. Even where both the parties to the suit request the court to hold
the proceeding in camera, the court shall do so.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In Section 13 of the said Ordinance it is mentioned
that after the close of evidence of all parties, the family court shall make
another effort to a compromise between the parties. If such compromise is not
possible, the court shall pronounce judgment either or on some future day not
exceeding seven days of which due notice shall be given to the parties of their
agents or advocates and a decree shall follow the judgment The Family Court has
been established in 15<sup>th</sup> June of 1985 under The Family Court
Ordinance. First time mediation was introduced in family court in Dhaka Judge
Court in 2000. After that it extended in Chittagong from 12<sup>th</sup>
February of 2001, in Khulna from 1<sup>st</sup> September, 2001, in Rajshahi
from 7<sup>th</sup> May, 2001. Afterward it expands all over the court of the
country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mediation has been denoted in Family Court
Ordinance, 1985 under Section 10, 11, and 13. And also compromise decree has
been prescribed in Section 18 of the Family Court Ordinance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of the above Section of the
Family Court Ordinance, when the written statement is filed, the family court
shall fix a date ordinarily of not more than thirty days for pre-trial hearing.
The court shall examine the plaint, the written statement and documents which
filed by the parties and shall hear the parties. At the pre-trial hearing, the
court shall ascertain the point at issue between the parties and attempt to
effect a compromise or reconciliation between the parties, if it is possible
for the court. If no compromise is possible, the court shall frame the issue in
the suit and fix a date for recording evidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A family court may hold the whole or any part of the
proceeding under this Ordinance in camera under Section 11 of the Family Court
Ordinance. Even where both the parties to the suit request the court to hold
the proceeding in camera, the court shall do so.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In Section 13 of the said Ordinance it is mentioned
that after the close of evidence of all parties, the family court shall make
another effort to a compromise between the parties. If such compromise is not
possible, the court shall pronounce judgment either or on some future day not
exceeding seven days of which due notice shall be given to the parties of their
agents or advocates and a decree shall follow. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Arthorin
Adalat Ain, 2003</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of the Section 21 of the
Arthorin Adalat Ain, 2003, where the court deems proper may convene a
settlement conference for settlement of dispute after submission of written
statement by defendant in an alternative way keeping pending all proceeding of
the court and the court may ask to the Parties, their lawyers and their
representative to remain present in the settlement conference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Judge of the Artho Rin Adalat shall preside over
such conference and hall determines the venue, procedure and function of the
Settlement conference which shall take place in camera. The court shall explain
the point of dispute before the parties, their lawyer and their representative
and shall streamline his endeavors in arriving at a settlement but the court
shall not exert any influence upon the parties to accept his own proposal. The
process of settling the dispute shall be completed within 60 days of passing
order by the court settling the dispute through Settlement Conference until the
time is extended not exceeding 30 days on the basis of written statement of the
disputed parties or the court own initiatives sufficient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cause being shown in the record.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The term and conditions of the settlement shall be
recorded in agreement and the parties in dispute shall sign as executor,
lawyers and the representative present shall sign over the agreement as witness<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Afterward the court shall pass an order or necessary decree under the provision
of related rule of Order XXIII of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
Eventually, no appeal shall lie in the higher court against any order
pronounced by the court through Settlement Conference under the provision of
this Act.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where no order has been given for settling the
dispute through Settlement Conference according to Section 21, the court may
keep pending all subsequent proceeding subject to the provision of Section 24
after submission of written by the defendant and may refer the case to lawyers
or may send the dispute to the parties for settlement. The lawyers engaged for
conducting the case may engage a lawyer who is not engaged by neither of the
parties or may engage any retired judge or retired officer as arbitrator in the
interest of settle the dispute on mutual consultation of the parties. The
process of settling the dispute shall be completed within 60 days of passing
order by the court settling the dispute through Settlement Conference until the
time is extended not exceeding 30 days on the basis of written statement of the
disputed parties or the court own initiatives sufficient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cause being shown in the record.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The arbitrator shall submit a report to the court on
his arbitration activities without leaking out of the parties. The court shall
give necessary order or pronounce decree on the basis of that report as may be
applicable according to the relevant rules of Order XXIII of the Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Bangladesh Labor Code, 2006</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As to the provision of this code, where at any time
an employer or a collective bargaining agent finds that an industrial dispute
is likely to raise between the employer and the workers, the employer or the
collective agent shall communicate his or its views in writing to the other
party. Within 15 days from receiving its views, the party shall arrange a
meeting with the other party for collective bargaining and settle the dispute. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where the receiver of the letter fails to arrange a
meeting within the prescribe period or no settlement can be reached within one
month from the date of first meeting held for settlement of the dispute through
the process of reciprocal dialogue of the both parties, the Government shall
appoint as many persons as it considers necessary by the notification of
official Gazette for the purpose of settle the dispute. Within 10 days of
receipt of such request the conciliator shall start his conciliation and call a
meeting of parties to the dispute for the purpose of bargaining about a
settlement. The parties will open the issue of the dispute before the
conciliator on the fixed date. If the settlement of dispute is arrived at in
the course of conciliation, the conciliator shall send a report to the
Government together with a memorandum of settlement signed by the parties.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">If the conciliation fails, the conciliator shall try
to persuade parties to agree to refer the dispute to an arbitrator for
settlement. Where the parties do not agree to refer the dispute to an arbitrator
for settlement the conciliator shall give a certificate to the parties within 3
days.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where the parties agree to refer
the dispute to an arbitrator, they shall make a joint request in writing for
reference of dispute to an arbitrator agreed upon by the parties. The
arbitrator shall give his award within a period of 30 days from the date on
which the dispute is referred to him. After, he has made award the arbitrator
shall forward to the parties and to the Government. The award of the Arbitrator
shall be final and no appeal shall lie against it<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Act IV of
2003</span>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akhtaruzzaman,
Md., Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70,
University market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), p.110.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Paper presented by Mr. K. M. Hasan at National Workshop on “
ADR in quest of a new dimension in Civil Justice delivery system” on October
31, 2002.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">14 (1994)
BLD, 413</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">38 DLR,
140</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Obidul
Haq Chowdhury, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hand Book of Muslim Family
Laws</i>, 5<sup>th</sup> ed., (Dhaka: Alfser Press, 1997), p.60</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Mir Abdul
Halim, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Legal System of Bangladesh
after Separation</i>, 1<sup>st</sup> ed., (Dhaka:
University Publication, 2008), p.188</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akhtaruzzaman,
Md., Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70,
University market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), P.146.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, P.62.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Khair,
Sumaiya, Legal Empowerment for the Poor and Disadvantaged: Strategies
Achievements and Challenges, (Colorline, Dhaka.2008), P.283</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akhtaruzzaman, Md., Concept
and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70, University
market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), P.208.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-35021896970680748632013-01-04T15:58:00.002+06:002013-01-04T15:58:37.111+06:00Overview of different types of ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mediation:-</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is where a
neutral person (the mediator) helps the parties to reach a compromise.
The job of the mediator is to consult with each party and see how much common
ground there is between them. S/he should act as a facilitator, taking
offers between the parties. The mediator doesn't offer an
opinion. Mediation is most suitable where there is some chance that the
parties will co-operate. Mediation is not legally binding on the parties<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Arbitration</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:-Arbitration
is the most formal of the methods used to settle disputes without using the
courts. Arbitration is where the parties with a disagreement pass their
dispute to a third party, who will make a judgment on their behalf. This
judgment will then be legally binding on the parties<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The relevant law on arbitration can be found in
the Arbitration Act 2001<span id="goog_725197342"></span><span id="goog_725197343"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Negotiation:-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This
is the simplest form of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>. Where two people have a dispute they can
negotiate a solution themselves. The advantages to the parties involved
are that it is completely private and it's fast and cheap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Where parties to a dispute cannot settle it
themselves they may instruct solicitors who will negotiate on their behalf<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Even when negotiation fails at these early stages of a dispute and court
proceedings start solicitors will usually continue to negotiate on their
client's behalf. This results in many cases being settled out of
court.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Conciliation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:-This
is similar to mediation where a neutral third party helps the parties to
resolve their dispute; however, the conciliator plays a more active role
in the process. S/he will be expected to suggest ways in which a
compromise could be reached. Conciliation is not legally binding on the
parties<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Med-Arb</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:-As
its name suggests mediation-arbitration, or med-arb, combines mediation and
arbitration. First, a mediator tries to bring the parties closer together and
help them reach their own agreement. If the parties cannot compromise, they
proceed to arbitration—before that same third party or before a different
arbitrator—for a final and binding decision<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Minitrial:-</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
minitrial, a development in <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>, is finding its greatest use in resolving
large-scale disputes involving complex questions of mixed law and fact, such as
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Product Liability</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, massive
construction, and antitrust cases. In a mini-trial, each party presents its
case as in a regular trial, but with the notable difference that the case is
"tried" by the parties themselves, and the presentations are
dramatically abbreviated<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In a minitrial, lawyers and experts present a
condensed version of the case to top management of both parties. Often, a
neutral adviser—sometimes an expert in the subject area—sits with management
and conducts the hearing. After these presentations, top management
representatives—by now more aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each
side—try to negotiate a resolution of the problem. If they are unable to do so,
they often ask for the neutral adviser's best guess as to the probable outcome
of the case<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.
They then resume negotiations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The key to the success of this approach is the
presence of both sides' top officials and the exchange of information that
takes place during the minitrial. Too often, prelitigation work has insulated
top management from the true strengths and weaknesses of their cases.
Mini-trial presentations allow them to see the dispute as it would appear to an
outsider and set the stage for a cooperative settlement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Early
Neutral Evaluation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:-An early neutral evaluation (ENE) is
used when one or both parties to a dispute seek the advice of an experienced
individual, usually an attorney, concerning the strength of their cases. An
objective evaluation by a knowledgeable outsider can sometimes move parties
away from unrealistic positions, or at least provide them with more insight
into their cases' strengths and weaknesses. Of course, the success of this
technique depends upon the parties' faith in the fairness and objectivity of
the neutral third-party, and their willingness to compromise<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Settlement conference</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A settlement conference is a
meeting between opposing sides of a </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lawsuit</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> at which the parties
attempt to reach a mutually agreeable resolution of their </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dispute</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> without having to
proceed to a </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trial</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. Such a conference may
be initiated through either party, usually by the conveyance of a </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">settlement offer</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">; or it may be
ordered by the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">court</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
as a precedent (preliminary step) to holding a trial. Each party, the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">plaintiff</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> and the </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">defendant</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">, is usually
represented at the settlement conference by their own </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Counsel</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> or </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">attorney</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Expert</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Determination</b>:-<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Expert determination is a historically
accepted form of </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dispute resolution</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> invoked when there isn't a formulated dispute in which the parties have
defined positions that need to be subjected to </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">arbitration</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, but rather both parties are in agreement that
there is a need for an evaluation. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The practice itself is
millennia old and well established where complex legal institutions either have
not developed, or are unavailable, such as tribal societies and criminal
organizations<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Family
group conference</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:-A meeting between members of a family
and members of their extended related group. At this meeting (or often a series
of meetings) the family becomes involved in learning skills for interaction and
in making a plan to stop the abuse or other ill-treatment between its members<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Neutral
fact-finding</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">: A process where a neutral third party,
selected either by the disputing parties or by the court, investigates an issue
and reports or testifies in court. The neutral fact-finding process is
particularly useful for resolving complex scientific and factual disputes<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appellate
<a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Appellate
ADR is a very special type of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>, which is used iu the federal and states
courts in USA. If a case moves to the appellate courts then before starting the
case the court engaged staff attorneys or outside lawyers compulsorily try to
settle the case. In Bangladesh under section 89c of the code of civil procedure
1908 (V of 1908). There is a scope of appellate ADR<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Case
evaluation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">: A non-binding process in which parties present the
facts and the issues to a neutral case evaluator who advises the parties on the
strengths and weaknesses of their respective positions, and assesses how the
dispute is likely to be decided by a jury or other adjudicator<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br clear="all" /></div>
<hr size="1" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jamil Ahmed Chowdhury,
‘Power Imbalance and Its Impact on Mediation of Family Disputes Involving
Family Violence: Australian Perspective’, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dhaka
University Law Journal</i>, part- F, vol-17, no.2, (December 2006), p.175</span>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akhtaruzzaman, Md., Concept
and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70, University
market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), p. 82</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Akhtaruzzaman, Md., Concept
and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70, University
market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), p. 83</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation,p. 41.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P. 47.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hoque, Kazi Ebadul Houqe,
Administration of Justice in Bangladesh, Asiatic Socity of Bangladesh, Dhaka
(2003), P. 57</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Halim, Md.
Abdul, ADR in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January,
2011), CCB Foundation, P. 47 </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Huq, Dr. Naima, ADR: Recent
Changes in the Civil Process, Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, June, Dhaka
(2004), P. 82</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akhtaruzzaman,
Md., Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70,
University market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), P. 86.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P. 86</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ameen, Dr. Nusrat,
Dispending Justice to the Poor: The Village Court, Arbitration Council
Via-a-vis NGO Mediation, Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, Volume XVI, Dhaka
(2005), P. 39.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Akhtaruzzaman,
Md., Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute Resolution and Legal Aid, (70,
University market, katabon, Dhaka, 2007), P. 85</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, P. 46.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn14" style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid, P. 46.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-6775048129177166312013-01-04T15:52:00.001+06:002013-01-04T15:52:23.665+06:00Classification of ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<h1 style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> usually encompasses some common modes or
mechanisms: negation, conciliation, mediation and arbitration<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
However, the variety of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> models found in different countries may be
described in the following ways:</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Freestanding
or Court-annexed <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Binding
or Non-binding <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Formal
and Informal <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 42.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Basic
and Hybrid <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Freestanding or Court-annexed <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ADR may either be freestanding or court annexed. In
other words, <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> may be tied to a law suit or freestanding. When the process is
connected to the law suit or court case, it is called court annexed <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
(Judicial ADR).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(a)
Court Annexed ADR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In such a case the question of taking resort to <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
is conditional to court process as this is linked up with justice system of the
court. After filing the court case a judge or court employee will examine the
dispute and suggest or order, as a matter of course, the parties to attempt to
resolve their differences through Alternative Dispute Resolution in the forms of
mediation, conciliation, negation or mini-trial etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">b)
Freestanding <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></b>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">On the other hand, freestanding has no relationship
with court cases<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
When disputants sit for amicable settlement by conciliation on their own, or
approach a middle man or neutral third person to negotiate or mediate their
dispute, this is freestanding <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_725197300">ADR</a><a href="http://./">.</a> Instances of freestanding <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> are:</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Commercial Arbitration</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Local or community based <a href="http://adr./">ADR.</a></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">I)
Commercial Arbitration</b>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One common
form of freestanding alternative dispute resolution is commercial arbitration.
The disputants agree on a neutral third party to resolve the matter or on a
process for naming the third party. They also agree on the rules the arbitrator
will follow in deciding the case and whether the decision will be binding or
simply advisory. Complex contracts, such as those for construction of a power
plant, often contain arbitration provisions spelling out in advance how
disputes will be handled. In other cases the parties do not decide to arbitrate
a dispute until it has arisen<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(II)
Community based <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a></span></b><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Community based alternative dispute resolution is a
second freestanding form. It builds on traditional models of popular justice
that rely on elders, religious leader or other community figures to help
resolve local or community day to day conflict. For instance, in Bangladesh
traditional Shalish system, in India lok adalot, in Philippines barangays or
neighborhood tries to resolve minor disputes between residents at village
level.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">B.
Binding or Non-binding <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> (Voluntary or Mandatory</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is important to distinguish between binding and
non-binding forms of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>. Negotiation, mediation and conciliation programs are
non-binding, and depend on the willingness of the parties to reach a voluntary
agreement. Arbitration programs may be either binding or non-binding. Binding
arbitration produces a third party decision that the disputants must follow
even if they disagree with the result, must like a judicial decision.
Non-binding arbitration produces a third party decision that the parties may
reject<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C.
Formal and Informal <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Compared to legal process, i.e. the court cases, <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
process is less formal. It is often emphasized that ADR is informal process to
dispute resolution compared to formal legal system. ADR process is less
informal in the sense that rules to procedures are flexible, without formal
pleadings, extensive written documentation, or rules of evidence etc. Now these
informal ADR modes are again divided into two groups: formal ADR and informal
ADR modes. When a particular ADR mode is court annexed, it tends to be more
formal in the sense that it records and proceedings may be required to be
presented before the court. On the other hand, when a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>particular mode of ADR is freestanding, it
tends to be informal in the sense that parties and mediator do not need to keep
any record of their proceedings, do not required to follow any specific rules
of procedure. Negotiation is mostly an informal process in which parties
identify issues of concern, explore option for the resolution of the issues and
reach a consensus or in case they fail to reach mutual agreement, the matter
ends there without any formality leaving other modes of ADR options open to
them. On the other hand, conciliation and mediation is also considered informal
when they are freestanding and formal when they are court annexed or binding in
nature. For example, traditional Shalish or mediation or conciliation through
NGO efforts is instance of informal process while mediation and conciliation
through the intervention of the courts are example of formal ADR process.
Arbitration is more formal compared to other forms of ADR and it is strongly
formal when it is binding among the parties can be enforced by the order of the
court<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">D.
Basic and Hybrid <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> process</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The variety of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> models are found in developed and
developing countries may also be described in two fundamental ways: basic <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
processes, which include negotiation, conciliation, mediation and arbitration;
hybrid ADR processes, in which specific elements of the basic processes have
been combined to create a wide variety of ADR methods (e.g. mediation is
combined with arbitration in medarb.). Hybrid <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> processes may also
incorporate features found in court-based adjudication; for example, the
minitrial mixes adjudication- like presentation of arguments and proofs with
negotiation<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, p. 32.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p. 33</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p. 34</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p. 35.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p. 36</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>
Ibid, p. 37</div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-49952152231409137322013-01-02T20:03:00.000+06:002013-01-02T20:08:38.392+06:00Scope of ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiTxXOn2C5EWEwEz76JVU_MJ1ZOmQkv81DopDfkyraVmNZluoekqn641FAmGtj3WoMsKNO9rbG6wAqCPnFp1lt6cxVP6z5rozMSqW-Oa-AjEe7vtmrxKcpmwuHGSbDlHrcRohyphenhyphenUc1rAMw/s1600/stock-vector-gavel-symbol-as-a-concept-of-law-or-auction-such-a-logo-jpeg-version-is-also-available-45128056.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiTxXOn2C5EWEwEz76JVU_MJ1ZOmQkv81DopDfkyraVmNZluoekqn641FAmGtj3WoMsKNO9rbG6wAqCPnFp1lt6cxVP6z5rozMSqW-Oa-AjEe7vtmrxKcpmwuHGSbDlHrcRohyphenhyphenUc1rAMw/s200/stock-vector-gavel-symbol-as-a-concept-of-law-or-auction-such-a-logo-jpeg-version-is-also-available-45128056.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> mechanisms have been extensive used in civil
matters. But in a short it is now being in the administration of criminal
justice system also which is further extended to the sphere of Juvenile justice
system. In our country in The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 have inserted
some provision as Section 345 and sehedule-2 of the Code of regards to the
compromising offence of the Penal Code. The application of <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> and area are
spearing day by day over the globe<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Generally <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> applied in civil, commercial, industrial, familial, contract,
insurance, partnership business, real estate etc. But it is considered as a
best way of solving regards to the international commercial disputes. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a>
successfully access and peacefully try to solve the dower, maintenance,
divorce, restitution of conjugal life, guardianship, succession and on the
familial matter which are getting mental depression of common people of the
society. It is extended to differences in values and beliefs between
communities, personal interests love and domination over one another power
struggle contest between candidates or parties to win election, mistrust
suspicion of one another, injustice exploitation by economic and other means,
denial of right to resources, religious practice, political campaign etc<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation. P. 25</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ameen, Dr.
Nusrat, Dispending Justice to the Poor: The Village Court, Arbitration Council
Via-a-vis NGO Mediation, Dhaka University Studies, Part-F, Volume XVI, Dhaka
(2005), p. 19.</span> </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-38779824808829939652013-01-02T20:00:00.002+06:002013-01-02T20:00:28.319+06:00Nature of ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alternative dispute resolution literally means to
solve the dispute by alternative Ways. It is techniques of dispute settlement
outside of the government judicial process or court and to solve the disputes
by mutual understanding of the contesting parties. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> is extra judicial
exercises which support the judicial system to resolve through alternative
ways. It is a win win process with less expense and within a short period. As
to the view of Justice Mustafa Kamal, “it is a non-formal settlement of legal
and judicial dispute as a means of disposing of cases quickly and
inexpensively”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In its philosophical perception, Former chairman of
Foreign Exchange Regulation Appellate Board, Sarvesh Chandra says that “<a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> is
considered to be the mode in which the dispute resolution process is
qualitatively distinct from the judicial process. It is a process where dispute
are settled with the assistance of a neural third person generally of parties
own choice, where neural is generally familiar with the nature of the dispute
is which such dispute normally arise; where the proceedings are informal,
devoid of procedural technicalities and are conducted, by and large, in the
manner agreed by the parties; where the dispute is resolved expeditiously and
with less expenses; where the confidentially of the subject matter of the
dispute is maintained to a great extent; where decision making process aims at
substantial justice, keeping in view the interests involved and the contextual
realities. In substance, the <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> process aims at rendering justice in the form
and content which not only resolves the dispute but tends to resolves the
conflict in the relationship of the parties which has given rise to that
dispute”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alternative Dispute Resolution is a constructive
management of setting dispute in contemporary Bangladesh as well as across the
world. It is being exercises of community based dispute are resolved by
negotiation, conciliation, mediation and arbitration and other mechanism.
According to Former Secretary General of International Center Fr Alternative
Dispute Resolution, P.C Rao, “ The <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> procedure consist of negotiation,
conciliation, mediation, arbitration and an array of hybrid procedures,
including mediation and last-offer arbitration, mini-trial, med-arb and neutral
evaluation”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
These mechanism precede both formal court proceeding and non-formal initiative
and may include process designed to manage community tension. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> processes are
less formal than judicial process lack the extensive written documentation of
formal proceeding. One of the cardinal goals of the using <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> is to reduce the
conflicting court management flow.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> process access in the legal system through the
bypass way. It is to be told about <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> that is an amicable settlement where
participants are involved in good heartedness environment. It is a reflection
of people demand. <a href="http://aclawresearch.blogspot.com/2013/01/definition-of-adr.html">ADR</a> preserved the right of the people as well. To effect the
decision of Indian Supreme Court quoted by Justice Mahamudul Amin Choudhury
would be unswerving, “Every citizen of this country has a right to receive
speedy, inexpensive and unpolluted justice. He is waiting with expectation. Let
us response positively. The menace of mounting arrears of the court cases
cannot be eradicated without the full and unstinted cooperation of the member
of the Bar and presiding Judges. We the member of judicial fraternity, have
therefore to meet the challenge. It can be done by bring passionately driven to
serve the cause of justice”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Moreover it is a way of access for citizens who are frustrated by vexatious and
protracted formal judicial system.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Md. Aktaruzzaman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Concept and Law on ADR and Legal Aid</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup>
ed., (Dhaka, Shabdakoli Printers, 2008), p.9.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sarvesh Chandra, ‘ADR: is
conciliation the choice’ P.C Roa ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ADR:
What<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and How it works</i>, </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Delhi:
Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, 2002), p.83.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P.C Rao, ‘Alternative
Dispute Resolution in India’,
P.C Roa ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ADR: What<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and How it works</i>, (Delhi:
Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, 2002), p.25.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Md. Aktaruzzaman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Concept and Laws on Alternative Dispute
Resolution and Legal Aid</i>, 2<sup>nd </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ed., (Dhaka:
Shabdakoli Printers, 2008), p.22</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-86438954628584557982013-01-02T19:51:00.002+06:002013-01-02T19:51:35.043+06:00Historical Development of ADR in Bangladesh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">During the Hindu period in ancient India, Hindu
society, institutions and beliefs gradually developed and define shape was
given to them. Many important beliefs and doctrines of today are deep-rooted in
the Hindu ideology; one of those is Alternative Dispute Resolution.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In villages, the local village councils or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kulani</i>, similar to modern <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">panchayats</i>, consisted of a board of five
or more members to dispense justice to villagers. It was concerned with all
matter relating to endowment, irrigation, cultivatable land, punishment of
crime, etc. Village councils dealt with simple civil and criminal cases. The
head of the villagers acted both as leader of the village and the mediator with
the government<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In sultanate period, a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Parganah</i> was divided into a group of village. For each group of
villages there was a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayat</i>, a
body of five leading men to look after the executive and judicial affair. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarpanch</i> was appointed by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nezim</i> or the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Faujdar</i>. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayat</i>
decide civil and criminal cases of a purely local character. As a general rule,
the decision of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayat</i> was
binding upon the parties and no appeal was allowed from its decision<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In Mughal period, the village was the smallest
administrative unit. From ancient times the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">panchayat</i>
were authorized to administer justice in all petty civil and criminal matters between
the villagers by arbitration as well as by adjudication. Important cases could
not be decided by the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayat</i> which
could only chastise, impose fine and ostracise the offender. It was presided by
five <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchs</i> elected by the villagers
who were expected to give a patient hearing to both the parties and deliver
their judgment in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayet</i>
meeting. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sarpanch</i> was generally
president of the Panchayat. No appeal was allowed from the decision of a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panchayat<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The formal system of administration of justice
introduced during the British rule replaced the old system of dispensing
justice through the feudal set-up. But the traditional institutions continue to
play their role of dispute resolution though not known by their old name. After
math, arbitration and conciliation as the methods of ADR, received statutory
recognition in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Having passed the arbitration
Act, 1940, arbitration provision was repeated from the Code of Civil Procedure.
But it is pertinent to say that the application of the provision this Act was
not satisfied and the courts would not follow these provisions mandatory<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">During the Pakistan period, arbitration as one of
the important method of ADR, received statutory recognition in the Muslim
Family Ordinance, 1961. Under this ordinance, by arbitration, as a method of
ADR is mandatory to resolve the dispute as to dissolution of marriage. Union
parishad would have to follow arbitration process to resolve this dispute. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Besides the above mentioned measures adopted as the
process of ADR, Bangladesh Government has promulgated the following acts for
the effective application of ADR procedure for dispensing the dispute outside
the court:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The
arbitration Act,2001</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Insertion
Section 89A, 89B and 89C of CPC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Arthorin
Adalat Ain, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Bangladesh
Labor Law, 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Family
Court Ordinance, 1985</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Dispute
conciliation board Act, 2004</span>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V.D. Kulshreshtha, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Landmarks
in Indian Legal and Constitutional History</i>, 7<sup>th</sup> ed. (Lucknow:
Eastern Book Company, 1995), p.6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">p.20.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kazi Ebidul Hoque, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Administration of Justice in Bangladesh</i>,
1<sup>st</sup> ed., (Dhaka: Dhanshiri Printing
and Publishing Co. Ltd, 2003), p.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 130%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">SK. Golam Mahabub, <i>Alternative</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dispute Resolution in Commercial
Disputes: The UK & Bangladesh Perspectives</i>, 1<sup>st</sup> ed., (Dhaka: SK. Golam Mahabub, 2005), p.16.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-70840295411028033992013-01-02T19:41:00.001+06:002013-01-02T19:41:09.923+06:00Definition of ADR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alternative"
dispute resolution is usually considered to be alternative to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">litigation</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
It also can be used as a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">colloquialism</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">
for allowing a dispute to drop or as an alternative to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">violence</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
In recent years there has been more discussion about taking a systems approach
in order to offer different kinds of options to people who are in conflict, and
to foster "appropriate" dispute resolution<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Alternative
Dispute Resolution refers to the means of settling disputes without going
through legal procedures. Through ADR settlement of disputes can be done in
many formal and informal ways but here ADR emphasis is mainly on the settlement
of disputes by local community initiatives. It is an age-old tradition of
society through which disputes are resolved amicably and which concerned
parties accept. Normally authority does not challenge it. It is not
institutionalized, but both the community members and the disputants accept it.
There are different ways to resolve disputes. Some are resolved formally,
others informally, and some are resolved as time passes by.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">ADR
is a process which may be freestanding (non-judicial) or court annexed
(judicial), binding or non-binding, formal or informal, mandatory or voluntary
in nature<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
It is to be emphasized that the term ‘ADR’ is misleading in a sense that it is
not always alternative to formal litigation and very often it is a part of
litigation particularly for those ADR processes which are court connected.
Professors Thomas J. Stipanowich states that the name ADR is an outmoded
acronym that survives as a matter of convenience only<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>. A
California Task Force observed, “not only is ‘alternative’ unhelpful-
alternative to what?- but “appropriate” better conveys the concept of “method
best suited to resolving the dispute”.....Professor Jean R. Sternlight has
preferred the phrase ADR as “Appropriate Dispute Resolution” rather than
“Alternative Dispute Resolution</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Iyer,
V.R.Krishna, Access to Justice,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>B.R.Publishing Corporation, Delhi (1993), p. 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Halim, Md. Abdul, ADR in
Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition (January, 2011), CCB
Foundation, p. 31. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Thomas J. Stipanowich, ADR
and the “Vanishing Trial”: The Growth and Impact of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Alternative Dispute Resolution”, Journal of
Empirical Legal Studies, Volume I, Issue 3, 843-912, November 2004 at page 845.
</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=457150165506643833#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jean R. Sternlight, Is
Binding Arbitration a Form of ADR?: An Argument that the Term “ADR” has begun
to outlive its usefulness, 2000, J. Disp. Resol. 97. </span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-5237891926712396452012-12-31T21:00:00.004+06:002012-12-31T21:54:16.956+06:00Punishment for rape under Bangladeshi laws<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_sxUH612BYE4PL4jFpS695SRPWVrrZUWLfCLoJh1SKl2HyYumYejlXjKenA-Ew2xUcARvlKZAN3jkFydut6zWzZBwiVwzQIpnd2yU8TKnQKjY0R_7MvgWeR92UioslKvSSA5npL3Zfcq/s1600/2012-12-29-03-08-49-50de5ec1af5b2-delhi_rape_1355724187_540x540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-_sxUH612BYE4PL4jFpS695SRPWVrrZUWLfCLoJh1SKl2HyYumYejlXjKenA-Ew2xUcARvlKZAN3jkFydut6zWzZBwiVwzQIpnd2yU8TKnQKjY0R_7MvgWeR92UioslKvSSA5npL3Zfcq/s320/2012-12-29-03-08-49-50de5ec1af5b2-delhi_rape_1355724187_540x540.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Rape</b></span>
is not a new issue but recently the number of committing rape has been increased.
So every people of the country should know about the punishment for rape.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">What is rape?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Generally speaking rape is a sexual intercourse with a woman without her
consent. According to section 375 of the Bangladeshi penal code 1860 (Act XLV of
1860) - A man is said to commit "rape" who except in the case hereinafter
excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under
any of the five following descriptions:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Firstly,
Against her will.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secondly.
Without her consent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Thirdly.
With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her in fear of
death, or of hurt.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fourthly.
With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband, and that her
consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or
believes herself to be lawfully married.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fifthly.
With or without her consent, when she is under fourteen years of age.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Explanation</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the
offence of rape.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Exception.
Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under
thirteen years of age, is not rape.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Punishment for rape:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
punishment for rape has been described both </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The Prevention of Oppression against
Women and Children Special Act 2003 ( Nari O Shishu Nirjatan Daman Bishesh Ain
2003) and The Bangladeshi Penal Code 1860.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Punishment for rape under The </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nari O Shishu Nirjatan Daman Bishesh
Ain 2003)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According to section 9 of this Act -</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">i.
Whoever commits rape with a woman or a child shall be punished with rigorous
imprisonment for life and with fine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">Explanation:
Whoever has sexual intercourse without lawful marriage with a woman not being
under fourteen years of age, against her will or with her consent obtained, by
putting her in fear or by fraud, or with a woman not being above fourteen years
of age with or without her consent, he shall be said to commit rape.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">ii.
If in consequence of rape or any act by him after rape, the woman or the child so
raped, died later, the man shall be punished with death or with transportation
for life and also with fine not exceeding one lac taka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">iii.
If more than one man rape a woman or a child and that woman or child dies or is
injured in consequences of that rape, each of the gang shall be punished with
death or rigorous imprisonment for life and also with fine not exceeding one
lac taka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">iv.
Whoever attempts on a woman or a child to cause death or hurt after rape, he
shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for life and also with fine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">b)
To commit rape, he shall be punished with imprisonment for either description,
which may extend to ten years but not less than five years rigorous
imprisonment and also with fine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "TimesNewRomanPSMT","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">v.
If a woman is raped in the police custody, each and every person, under whose custody
the rape was committed and they all were directly responsible for safety of
that woman, shall be punished for failure to provide safety, unless otherwise
proved, with imprisonment for either description which may extend to ten years
but not less than five years of rigorous imprisonment and also with fine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Punishment for rape under Penal Code:</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">According to section </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">376</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of this Code -</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Whoever commits rape shall be punished with imprisonment for life
or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten
years, and shall also be liable to fine, unless the woman raped is his own wife
and is not under twelve years of age, in which case he shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or
with fine, or with both.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-90865058179623392342012-12-29T16:28:00.001+06:002012-12-31T23:22:00.577+06:00What are the Objectives of International Organisation?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">International Organisations are defined by
reference to their legal functions and responsibilities, with limited field of
activity. Each constitution sets out aims and objects and is accordingly
provided to achieve those objects. There are disputes among the states of the
world causing threats. International Organisations are aimed to reduce the
possibility of those threats and aggression. The League of Nations was
established to maintain international peace and security but the League could
not survive for long. The responsibility undertaken by the League did not die
with its demise; the United Nations took over responsibility. The process of
keeping peace and security is material might be disruption but the ongoing
mechanism of the introduction of I/Os shall keep it alive with the creation of
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related to the peace or not International Organisations, as a whole, have two
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(i) Furtherance of political and national
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(ii) The advancement of economic and social
welfare of the world.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-20713046215843332542012-12-29T16:26:00.000+06:002012-12-29T16:26:00.432+06:00What is Ethics and Professional Ethics?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<![endif--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ethics: </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ethics is the part of philosophy
that talks about good and evil. Ethics tries to answer questions like:</span>
<br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
actions are good? What actions are evil?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
can we tell the difference?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Are
good and evil the same for everyone?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
should we make hard decisions that might help or hurt other people?</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
our actions effect others?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some philosophers call
ethics the "science of morality". <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Morality</span> is what someone thinks or feels is good or bad. There
are many different moralities, but they share some things. For example most
people think that murder (killing somebody) is wrong. Some philosophers hope to
find more things that moralities share. They think that ethics should use the
scientific method to study things that people think are good or bad. Their work
can be used to test the fairness of a situation, such as how people should
treat each other. An example of this kind of thinking is the categorical
imperative. Many countries have laws based on this idea of fairness.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other philosophers think
that ethics is separate from morality. They do not think that ethics can be
studied using the scientific method and they think it is closer to metaphysics.
Some of them think like Platonists about what is good and bad.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another group of
philosophers believe that ethics is subjective. This means that they think that
what is right for me is whatever I say is right. This means that ethics is just
a person's own morality. These philosophers do not think that ethics is the
same for all people.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Professional ethics:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Professional ethics are
standards or codes of conduct set by people in a specific profession. A code of
ethics is a part of the expectations of those involved in many different types
of professions. People in a profession don't want to condone bad, dishonest or
responsible behavior if it does occur by someone in their field. By setting out
expected behaviors in the form of professional ethics, professionals work
together to try to uphold a good reputation. Professional ethics are commonly
known as ethical business practices. Respect and honesty are the two main
components of professional ethics. All employees are expected to represent a
business ethically as they are a part of it. This is why businesspeople
traditionally speak of "we" or "us" rather than the more
personal "I" for the most part. For instance, if an employee must
mention company policy to a customer, he or she may say "I'm sorry, but
this is our company policy in these situations." Policies are another type
of preferred standards in how business is done, and everyone in a company is
expected to represent them.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It should be noted that
people within each profession are expected to be respectful and honest in their
personal dealings as well. For instance, it would be unethical for law
enforcement professionals to also be criminals in their time off the job.
Professionals are also expected to uphold professional ethics by not getting
involved in any type of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">conflict of
interest</span>. A conflict of interest situation may occur when an individual
tries to accomplish personal goals as a result of being in a certain
profession. For example, a politician who uses government resources to get work
done on his personal home could be seen as being involved in a conflict of
interest.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Professional ethics
training is often included in career education programs. For instance, medical
assistants are trained on the many ethics issues regarding patient
confidentiality. It is both unethical and unlawful to discuss a patient's
health records with others who are not involved in the medical care of the
individual.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Engineering, journalism,
religious organizations and many other professions have professional ethics.
These ethical codes or rules must never go against laws, but rather often
coordinate with them as in the case of medical record confidentiality. In
general, professional ethics always include upholding honesty and respect in
the profession over personal needs, conflicts or biases. A bias is a personal
belief such as prejudice toward a certain group of people.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Legal ethics"
in the United States is generally understood to primarily apply to lawyers,
while codes of professional responsibility also apply in a derivative sense
(indirectly) to non-lawyers who work with lawyers, such as paralegals or
private investigators. In the United States, the practice of law is regulated
by the governments of the individual states and territories. As a whole,
federal law does not control legal ethics.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Each state or territory
has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be
adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems. The
American Bar Association has promulgated the Model Rules of Professional
Conduct which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have
been influential in many jurisdictions. The Model Rules address many topics
which are found in state ethics rules, including the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">client-lawyer relationship</span>, duties of a lawyer as <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">advocate</span> in adversary proceedings,
dealings <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">with persons other than
clients</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">law firms and
associations</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">public service</span>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">advertising</span>, and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maintaining the integrity of the profession</span>.
Respect of client confidences, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in
statements to others, and professional independence are some of the defining
features of legal ethics.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Law schools in the
United States are required to offer a course in professional responsibility,
which encompasses both legal ethics and general matters of professionalism that
do not present ethical concerns.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-18500875828328653302012-12-29T16:21:00.002+06:002012-12-29T16:21:49.288+06:00What is Consequentialism?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">This
array of alternatives raises the question of which moral theories count
as consequentialist (as opposed to deontological), and why. In actual
usage, the term ’consequentialism‘ seems to be used as a family
resemblance term to refer to any descendant of classic utilitarianism
that remains close enough to its ancestor in the important respects. Of
course, different philosophers see different respects as the important
ones. Hence, there is no agreement on which theories count as
consequentialist under this definition.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">To
resolve this vagueness, we need to determine which of the various
claims of classic utilitarianism are essential to consequentialism. One
claim seems clearly necessary. Any consequentialist theory must accept
the claim that I labeled ‘consequentialism’, namely, that certain
normative properties depend only on consequences. If that claim is
dropped, the theory ceases to be consequentialist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">It
is less clear whether that claim by itself is sufficient to make a
theory consequentialist. Several philosophers assert that a moral theory
should not be classified as consequentialist unless it is agent-neutral
(McNaughton and Rawling 1991, Howard-Snyder 1994, Pettit 1997). This
narrower definition is motivated by the fact that many self-styled
critics of consequentialism argue against agent-neutrality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Other
philosophers prefer a broader definition that does not require a moral
theory to be agent-neutral in order to be consequentialist (Bennett
1989; Broome 1991, 5-6; and Skorupski 1995). Criticisms of
agent-neutrality can then be understood as directed against one part of
classic utilitarianism that need not be adopted by every moral theory
that is consequentialist. Moreover, they argue, the narrower definition
conflates independent claims and obscures a crucial commonality between
agent-neutral consequentialism and other moral theories that focus
exclusively on consequences, such as moral egoism and recent self-styled
consequentialists who allow agent-relativity into their theories of
value (Sen 1982, Broome 1991, Portmore 2001, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">A
definition solely in terms of consequences might seem too broad,
because it includes absurd theories such as the theory that an act is
morally right if it increases the number of goats in Texas. Of course,
such theories are implausible. Still, it is not implausible to call them
consequentialist, since they do look only at consequences. The
implausibility of one version of consequentialism does not make
consequentialism implausible in general, since other versions of
consequentialism still might be plausible.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">Besides,
anyone who wants to pick out a smaller set of moral theories that
excludes this absurd theory may talk about evaluative consequentialism,
which is the claim that moral rightness depends only on the value of the
consequences. Then those who want to talk about the even smaller group
of moral theories that accepts both evaluative consequentialism and
agent-neutrality may describe them as agent-neutral evaluative
consequentialism. If anyone still insists on calling these smaller
groups of theories by the simple name, ‘consequentialism’, this narrower
usage will not affect any substantive issue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">What
matters is only that we get clear about exactly which claims are at
stake when someone supports or criticizes what they call
“consequentialism”. Then we can ask whether each objection really
refutes that particular claim.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-79556918907365365742012-12-29T16:19:00.001+06:002012-12-29T16:19:06.936+06:00What is the Emergence and Development of International Organisation?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The
emergent process of International Organisation did not happen in a day
or overnight, but it took long time to come into present-day’s shape.
The initial shape of present-day’s International Organisation began in
the form of treaty. It may be dealt with as under:<br />
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>1. Ancient Treaties: The First Step:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
Third
party requires for amicable disposition of any dispute in the form of
negotiations, mediations, conciliations, and finally treaties. Gerald J.
Mangone: The treaties of the past were the first steps towards the
emergence and development of International Organisation.<br />
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>2. Theories of Inter-State Relations by the Ancient Greek:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
The
ancient Greeks have founded the rudiments of International Organisation
by establishing inter-city-state relationship activities. The
Amphietyonic League was the first formal organisation in 6th century B.
C. for regulating relations between city-states. A confederation, Delos,
was created between maritime states of the Aegean islands who
contributed ships and men to maintain a common navy. Seventy Greek
states formed the Achaean League of the Hellenes. These were the
prototype of the regional inter-governmental organisation of today.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>3. The Christian Powers Alliance: </b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
With
the decline of the Roman Empire, the Christian Church became prominent.
In 1305, a French lawyer, Pierre Dubois, proposed an alliance of
Christian powers. The Church, through the papacy provided a kind of
universalism to counter the decentralising tendencies of feudalism and
other forms of political fragmentation. Constance, called “the most
spectacular international congress of history”, assembled in 1414 to
consider claims to the papacy and to try and shape the political as well
as the spiritual future of Europe. Though never successful to temporal
power, the Roman Church remains a powerful inter-governmental
organisation.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>4. Swiss-Confederation:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
In
1315, a treaty among the Swiss cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden
gave rise to a confederation, which was later joined by five other
cantons; this was the nucleus of the modern Switzerland</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>5. Peace Plans for International Relations: </b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
In
17th and 18th centuries, the best-known plans to peaceful international
relations were put forward. Among these were the ‘The Great Design’ for
peace formulated by the Duc de Sully at the time of Henry IV of France.
For stability in Europe political entities of 15 states were created.
Each would be equal in status, territory and material powers. Some would
be ruled by hereditary monarchs, Others would have elective monarchs,
and 4 would be republics. These states would form a federation. A
federal state or council would determine quotas of forces. The federal
states of Europe would be governed by a general council or senate
consisting of 66 delegates. The senate would deliberate on any affairs
that might occur: pacify the quarrels, determine all civil, political
and religious affairs of Europe, whether within itself or with its
neighbours. There would be 6 regional councils, and appeals from their
decisions could be made to the supreme council, the senate.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>6. Parliament of Europe Plan: </b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
This
body would establish laws and settle disputes between the princes. The
parliament would make decisions on territorial adjustments.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>7. Project to Bring Perpetual Peace in Europe:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
In
1712 “Project to Bring Perpetual Peace in Europe” was proposed by the
Abbe de Saint-Pierre. A union of the 24 Christian states of Europe for
the Project. A senate sitting permanently in Utrecht would be composed
of two representatives from each member state with a rotating
presidency. Expenses of the union would be met by contributions
determined monthly based upon the revenues of the states and the needs
of the organisation. Some decisions would be taken by a three-fourths
vote, others by a majority.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
The
objective of the union was to give security to the sovereigns for their
personal reigns and for the preservation of their independence and
territory. The senate would also serve as a tribunal to assure the
execution of treaties and to settle disputes. Resort to war, conclusion
of treaties inconsistent with the union, or failure to abide by
decisions of the senate would bring enforcement action by the members.
On the eve of French Revolution, in 1793, Jeremy Bentham published his
“Principles of International Law”. One section of which was entitled “A
Plea for a Universal and Perpetual Peace.” Bentham developed the idea
that peace was indivisible and the world could not remain half slave and
half free with any hope for the achievement of peace. Theme of Jeremy
Bentham was further developed by Immanuel Kant in “Perpetual Peace” in
1795. Kant laid down principles for the conduct of interstate relations,
which he expected would reduce the possibilities of war. He laid down
conditions for perpetual peace. First, he called for the establishment
of representative government in all the states. Secondly, there should
be a federation of free states, but not a super state. This federation
would seek to end war forever. Finally, there would be free intercourse
among peoples of the world, including travel and communications.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
However,
the ideas of these political theorists which are considered to be the
ground-work for the ongoing evolution of the formal inception of today’s
international organisation, may be summed up as follows:</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
conclusion
of a formal compact among the states; establishment of a council on
which the member states would be represented; voting by majority without
the requirement of unanimity; requiring that the states should settle
their differences peaceably, and submit to arbitration, sometimes by the
council; economic and military sanctions for resorting war; in some
plans, a system by which forces would be made available to the council
with an equitable distribution of costs; some consideration given to the
need for action in the economic and cultural spheres; in Kant’s
proposals, the implied need for compatible ideologies; proposals for
making contributions to the organisations; and the idea of European,
rather than world organisation, due to the fact that the projects were
stimulated largely by European’s wars.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>8. European Renaissance:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
The
European Renaissance brought a rapid change in W. Europe. In 15th, 16th
and 17th centuries - international relations gained a new meaning and
importance. Machiavelli gave a new realism to the study of inter-state
relations. Bodin in the 16th century formulated the legal concept of
sovereignty. Grotius contributed to the evolution of a ‘law of nations’.
As the system expanded and political and economic relationships
multiplied, diplomatic representation became more widespread. Diplomatic
contacts, however, were not sufficient to cope with the increasing
complexities of the international system. Thus evolved a form of
extended diplomacy - international conferences or gatherings that dealt
with problems concerning more than two or three states. These
conferences often resulted in an international treaty or formal peace
settlement. The first significant event in this context was the Congress
of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the ‘30 Years’ War. The Peace of
Utrecht in 1713 was another step towards the establishment of
International Organisation, which accorded sanction to new dynasties,
and imperial aspirations received a setback within Europe. It was in the
19th century the conditions necessary for the development of
International Organisation. industrial revolution led to an enormous
increase in production which, in turn, led to growth in trade and
penetration of European powers in different parts of the world. A
complex worldwide economic network was created which required some kind
of regulations and arbitration so as to avoid or settle conflicts
between states. Common rules were be required to settle issues of
patenting inventions, classify goods for customs duties, and fix
exchange rates for currencies.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>9. European Concert:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
The
Congress of Vienna (1814-15) introduced the European Concert System.
The system regulated international affairs by means of regular
international conferences. It lasted for a century and shaped the course
of European and, to some extent, world affairs. To quote Cheever and
Haviland, “This development was a landmark in the history of
International Organisation for several reasons: First, the alliance,
though forged in war, was continued after hostilities to enforce the
peace. Second, periodic conferences were instituted when the great
powers agreed to renew their meetings at fixed intervals. Third, despite
the suspicions of the smaller powers it was generally agreed that the
maintenance of peace depended on this sort of big-power collaboration.
The experience of the Vienna Congress led to the informal pattern of
consultations conferences and occasional concerted action known as the
Concert of Europe. In 1815 at Paris, Tsar Alexander concluded a Holy
Alliance with Prussia and Austria with the idea of ruling their subjects
and conducting international relations according to the principles of
Christian morality. Several other conferences took place right down to
1914. The Paris Conference of 1856 and the Berlin Consultations of 1871
dealt with the problems of the Balkans. The Congress of Berlin in 1878
dealt with the issue of Turkey while the meets in 1884-85 imposed some
order on the developing scramble to dominate Africa. The Concert of
Europe was not able to cope with the nationalistic rivalries and
divisive tendencies, which led to the First World War.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>10. Hague Peace Conferences:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
Another
significant development was at the end of the 19th century and the
beginning of the 20th century. The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and
1907 are related to the development of international law, but they
marked a milestone in the development of International Organisation as
well as 44 states attended the second Hague Conference. The First Hague
Conference established a Permanent Court of Arbitration, which offered
the services of a panel of members. The Hague Conferences were a prelude
to the building of League of Nations, an interim stage in the
development of international cooperation. Transition from ad hoc to
standing international conferences was another milestone in the
development of International Organisation. “Whereas both the Concert and
the Hague reflected the significance of the quest for security and the
importance of high political issues, this third phenomenon was the
manifestation of the increasing complexity of the economic, social,
technical and cultural interconnections of the people of the modern
world,” as Goodspeed says. Both the Concert and the Hague did a lot for
the emergence of International Organisation. These institutions arose in
response to the growing need for cooperation in socio-economic
problems, but could not be handled, satisfactorily by states alone.
Before emerging the concept, the rudimentary practices were confined to
conferences, congresses, negotiations etc. with the conclusion of wars
only. More importantly, decisions were taken occasionally, but not
regularly and institutionally. Functions were only on ad hoc basis.
Disadvantages were: Firstly, each conference had to be convened with the
end of the wars and someone had to take initiative to convene the
conference. It took much time reaching any solution. Second, the
conferences were not debating forums. Third, the conferences were held
by invitation of the host state; no principle of membership. Finally,
the conference had no opportunity for determining legal questions. Apart
from all these, process of emerging International Organisation. could
not remain halting; in the 19th century development of associations or
unions began building.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>11. Private International Associations:</b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
The
Private Int. Associations began flourishing with further establishment.
The World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 was the first private
conference, which established some permanent machinery of association.
In between 1840 and the beginning of the First World War, about 400
permanent associations came into existence. The World Alliance of YMCA’s
founded in 1855, has been considered to be the first modern private
international organisation. Here are some of the examples of those
associations: The Inter-Parliamentary Union (1889); The International
Law Association (1873); The International Dental Federation (1900); The
International Literary and Artistic Association (1878); The
International Chamber of Commerce (1919). The growth of these private
unions increased so much that the Union of International Associations
was formed in 1910 to co-ordinate and regulate their activities. The
associations, coming into existence, had to abide by the following
conditions. These are: The possession of permanent organ, That the
object must be of interest to all or some nations and not one of profit,
and that membership should be open to individuals or groups from
different countries. The International Committee of the Red Cross
promoted the Geneva Conventions of 1864, 1906, 1929 and 1949, the
International Maritime Committee promoted the Conventions on the Safety
of Life at Sea of 1914 and 1929 are good examples of the activities of
these private unions.</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
<b>12. Public International Union: </b></div>
<div style="color: black; text-align: justify;">
In
other cases the success of the private unions led directly to the
establishment of public union in the same field; private activity led
and state activity followed. The Int. Congress of Weights, Measures and
Moneys, 1867 became the Metric Union, the International Association of
the Legal Protection of labour became ILO, and the Artistic Association
became the International Bureau of Literary and Artistic Property. A
somewhat similar agency called the European Commission was established
by the Treaty of Paris in 1856 for the Danube River. In 1903 the
International Office of Public Health was established in Paris, but
later on, it became the World Health Organisation. the International
Copyright Union (1886), the International Sugar Union (1902), The Sugar
Union had a permanent commission, which, by majority vote, could order a
change in municipal legislation. The Institute of Agriculture provided
for a quorum of 2/3rds for voting purposes and for the balancing of
votes according to the size of the budgetary contributions. Examples
were not exhaustive but indicates the constitutional developments and
innovations made by the public unions. In the first case, the trend
towards permanence of association is notable whether in the form of
permanent deliberative or legislative organs working with administrative
organs, such as, the Telegraphic Union, Metric Union, and UPU etc. are
the examples of some of those organizations or the organisations with
periodic conferences working in conjunction with a permanent bureau,
such as, Industrial Property, Railway Freight Transportation may also be
classified as the examples of those organisations. private
organisations demonstrated a wide-ranging community of interest on
specific topics, and an awareness that cooperation had to be effective.
Such unions created the machinery for regular meetings and many
established permanent secretaries. The work done by these organisations
remains as of considerable value in influencing governmental activities
and stimulating world action. These pioneering international
organisations restricted themselves to specific areas, but they
introduced new ideas, which paved the way for the universal
organisations of the 20th century. Such concepts as permanent
secretaries, periodic conferences, majority voting, weighted voting and
proportionate financial contributions were important in easing
administrative cooperation, and they laid the basis for contemporary
international institutions. The most significant innovation in the 20th
century in international relations was, perhaps, the creation of the
League of Nations. It was the first concrete attempt taken, soon after
the First World War, towards a permanent general international
organisation of universal character. The League of Nations worked
effectively for nearly more than two decades. But failed with the
beginning of the Second World War and was ultimately dissolved in 1946.
During the continuance of the Second World War, the United Nations was
established. The United Nations was, virtually, established in 1945 to
ensure world peace and lay down the economic, social, and political
foundation. The formation of the United Nations formally ended the
European States supremacy and introduced universalism through the
establishment of the United Nations.</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-196597520936238802012-12-29T16:14:00.004+06:002012-12-29T16:14:46.020+06:00What is Role of International Organisations?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(1) Development of international law through the relationship of international organisation and states</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
International Organisations are based on their constitutions and follow
the general principles of international law, enrich the development of
international law; but apart from the law and practice of such bodies,
there is another direction in which they may influence the development
of international law. As years progressed, international law begins
absorbing dimension of its scope, which was traditionally confined only
to states. In addition to states, this has been done with the inclusion
of international organisation as the subject of international law. The
relationship between international organisations themselves and states
has opened the door of further development of international law.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
This
was done with the conclusion of the Vienna Convention of 1986 on the
law of treaties between states and international organisations or
between international organisations themselves. As to relations between
states and international organisations, in 1948, there arose the
question whether in respect of injuries suffered by its agents in
Palestine; the United Nations could claim compensation. International
Court of Justice (ICJ) decided in 1949 that the UN an international
organisation was entitled to bring such a claim.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(2) Through the relationship between the organisations themselves</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
practice of International Organisations in concluding agreements with
each other enriches rules of law and procedure concerning international
transactions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(3) Through the relationship between the organisation and individuals</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
relationship between international organisations and individuals, like
that of between states and individuals, has also developed the growth of
important new principles of international law. The Palestine issue has
provided by reconciling the dual position of agents of the United
Nations, as servants on the one hand of the organisation, and as
nationals on the other hand.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(4) Improving human welfare the common purpose</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
true nature and purpose of present-day I/Os is that certain of these
bodies represent one kind of instrumentality whereby states are
associated with in a common purpose of improving human welfare.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(5)Through passing Conventions</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Although
there is no world legislature, but various kinds of legislative
measures may be adopted by international organisations some of the
important examples are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Conventions on Sea Law, 1958;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Conventions on Diplomatic Relations, 1961;</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Comic Sans MS";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Vienna Conventions on Contract Law, 1969.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
In
fact, all the plenary organs of the international organisations of the
world are empowered to play such kind of role. Six of the specialised
agencies are largely regulative organisations, namely, the ILO, the WHO,
the WMO, the ICAO, the ITO, and the IMO. Following special legislative
or quasi-legislative techniques of these bodies are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
a. The adoption of regional Regulations or operating ‘Procedure’, for example, by regional meetings of the ICAO.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
b.
The participation of the non-governmental representatives in the
legislative processes, for example, workers’ and employers’ delegates in
the ILO Conference, and private operating agencies at Administrative
Conferences of the International Communication Union.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
c.
The approval of codes or charters of guidelines for domestic
implementation by the governments of member states; e.g. the
International Code on the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes approved
in 1981 by WHO.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(6) Playing role in the creation of customary international laws</i></b>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The
international organisations play vital role in creating customary
international laws. Proposals, declarations or decisions taken
unanimously by many of the International Organisations are considered to
be abided by those organisations, and these play significant part in
the creation of rules and regulations of international laws. Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1848, Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960, are mentioned in
this respect.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>(6) Through internal administrative rules:</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In
practice, the International Organisations are entitled to frame some
specific conventions, rules and regulations for the internal
administration and smooth running of the organisations. These internal
administrative rules and regulations create significant impact in the
development of international law. </div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-5523065100840176552012-12-29T16:11:00.001+06:002012-12-29T16:11:10.926+06:00International Constitution vs. National Constitution<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In modern int. law, not only state but International Organisation also is included as one of the subjects of international law.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Government
works as the representative of its citizens whereas an int. org.
composed of sovereign, states voluntarily join for common pursuit of
certain goals. In national state, various branches of government,
together with their powers, are laid down in a constitution; provisions
are binding upon the individual citizens. An international organisation,
on the other hand, rests upon its concerned constitutions, which are
much less, secure. The functions of modern states and the rights,
duties, and powers of their instrumentalities are governed by their
respective constitutional laws. Similarly, I/Os are regulated by a body
of rules embodied in their respective documents that may well be
described as international constitution law. The customary separation of
powers on a national level into executive, legislative, and judicial
branches is roughly approximated in an international organisation. The
constitutional structure of the International Organisations does not
follow precisely the same pattern as in the constitutions of modern
states but there are significant analogies between them.
Constitutionally, functions of states are split up into three-folds -
executive, legislative and judiciary. Let us see how far these three
branches of both the constitutions are resembled or differed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Executive:</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
It
is true that there is no central executive organ with the same degree
of authority over the international community as any government
exercises over a modern state. In fact, there is no executive organ in
international organisation, athough certain organs are assigned special
duties and are permitted to act in specific situations. In
administration, the permanent secretariat of an I/O has an extremely
important function. The Secretary-General is the executive head of the
secretariat and can speak for the organisation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Legislative</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
International
Organisations does not possess legislative body in the ordinary sense.
Ordinarily, the organisation meets in regular annual session with an
equal representation from all members. The annual conference is
essentially a policy-making body, performing in addition to various
financial and supervisory duties. It carries out certain constituent
functions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><i>Judicial:</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
differences between the judicial functions of national and
international tribunals are even more apparent. The ICJ functions as the
judicial organ of the UN, but substantially, it differs with the
national courts in many ways. The Court can neither exercise its
jurisdictions, nor execute its decisions likewise the national courts.
Above all, filing of suits in the international court does not happen
precisely like filing cases before the national courts. There are
complicated procedures.</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-47919270294611701982012-12-29T16:08:00.004+06:002013-03-28T00:31:05.047+06:00International Organisations and State Sovereignty<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Legally
speaking, the international organisations are the outcomes of treaties
having voluntary nature of participation of sovereign countries but no
state is bound to give up its sovereignty in the cause of
institutionalising a world society. International Organisations at
present represent a ‘sophisticated’ means of conducting inter-state
relations when national interests are better served through multilateral
action or international concert of the essential elements of a state,
sovereignty is the most valuable, without which the statehood character
of a state becomes impotent but somewhat differently, sovereignty may
customarily be characterised by absoluteness, universality, permanence,
and indivisibility. An international organisation is the association of
sovereign states and decision taken by the organisation is applicable to
all the members. So, question may arise whether the membership of any
organisation affects the sovereignty of the respective states. It has
been argued that state sovereignty has been restricted by the growth of
international law and agreements legally contracted with other states.
In fact, sovereignty deals with the internal relations of a state to its
inhabitants and is, therefore, a term of constitutional law and not
applicable to international relations. Such reasoning is attacked by the
proponents of the strict juristic theory of sovereignty. Limitations
imposed by international law and treaties and conventions are not
legally binding. Because they are voluntary limitations, self-imposed,
unenforceable by any higher authority, and can be denounced by the
sovereign state at its will. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus
it is argued that such restrictions cannot be enforced by the state
upon its citizens since it is not the product of the sovereign power in
the same sense as national law. The fact is that despite the need for
good faith in interstate relations and the development of complex
interrelations among states, each state, in the final analysis, seeks to
be its own interpreter of international obligations and maintains the
right to determine its own standards of international conduct. In its
most extreme form, such reliance is the very negation of international
cooperation and destroys the fundamental obligations of membership in an
international organisation. Happily, most states recognise the need for
a standard of international conduct based upon respect for the tenets
of international law and the requirements of comity and good faith.
Practically, if a vital national interest is seriously threatened, the
state must pursue a unilateral course of action, supported by the
popular belief of its citizens that as a sovereign entity, it cannot be
legally restricted in its external as well as internal acts.</span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-457150165506643833.post-26155377790168915272012-12-29T16:06:00.002+06:002012-12-29T16:06:38.052+06:00OBJECTS AND SCOPE OF CIVIL COURTS ACT 1887<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Objectives and reasons of Civil Courts Act, 1887:</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
provincial Civil Courts Act,1887 was passed with a view to provide a
complete and separate system of civil court for bengal, he North Western
provinces and Assam. This Act was passed for the real improvement in
the existing system. The passing of this Act subsequently proved to be
satisfactory for giving a complete system of Civil Courts in these
provinces. This Act also gives authority to the judicial officers to
perform pure judicial functions different from the executive functions.
Moreover judgeship is becoming more and more the unite of judicial
administration. It is as well that they should be so, for such a
condition is an incentive to a more careful supervision on the part of a
judge over his subordinates and consequently to better works on the
part of all below him and for this the Civil Courts Act, 1887, provides a
complete guidance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Scope of the Act: </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
various chapters of this Act deals with the structure, constitution,
jurisdiction, administration and the allocation of business of the Civil
Courts in Bangladesh. Chapter II provides about the constitution of
different civil courts and chapter III deals with the ordinary original,
local and appellate jurisdiction of the Civil Courts. Chapter IV with
special appellate jurisdiction of Civil Courts. In addition, this
chapter provides about the Small Cause Courts local and pecuniary
jurisdiction.</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06936873519552089455noreply@blogger.com0